#: locale=en ## Action ### URL WebFrame_22F9EEFF_0C1A_2293_4165_411D4444EFEA.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d14377.55330038866!2d-73.99492968084243!3d40.75084469078082!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x89c259a9f775f259%3A0x999668d0d7c3fd7d!2s400+5th+Ave%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10018!5e0!3m2!1ses!2sus!4v1467271743182 WebFrame_22F9EEFF_0C1A_2293_4165_411D4444EFEA_mobile.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d14377.55330038866!2d-73.99492968084243!3d40.75084469078082!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x89c259a9f775f259%3A0x999668d0d7c3fd7d!2s400+5th+Ave%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10018!5e0!3m2!1ses!2sus!4v1467271743182 LinkBehaviour_6E569C7F_482F_6B79_41C8_F482DBA53F52.source = https://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/ LinkBehaviour_726096C1_6ED3_84B9_41AE_9285F9721B99.source = https://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/ ## Hotspot ### Text HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52984088_42B3_FFD7_417A_0F50D2B56BCE.text = A hummock-forming species of true ombrotrophic bog conditions. Hummocks have a typically tight and dense outer surface, with the branches of the capitulum looking like tightly-rolled cigars. Both S. papillosum and S. medium can look ginger-biscuit/olive colour but open the tight surface layer and only S. austinii retains this ginger-biscuit colour deep into the hummock. \ \ Being a hummock former, S. austinii can tolerate some drainage but appears to be intolerant of fire. Its widespread disappearnace from UK bogs is considered to be a result of S. austinii's intolerance of atmospheric pollution. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ED5D56D_4AFA_DD91_419A_8609DB35B284.text = A species most typically associated with shade in relatively solute-poor conditions , often beneath birch, willow or alder on the margins of bog systems, or beneath Calluna canopies or Molinia tussocks in open bog landscapes. Almost never found under conifer canopies, where S. girgensohnii replaces S. fimbriatum. \ \ Most readily distinguished initially by its location (non-conifer shade) and the tangled look of its long narrow spreading branches. The capitulum is often angled at right-angles to the vertical stem. Confirmation is obtained by pulling off the capitulum to reveal a 'crown' of exceptionally broad overlapping stem leaves having tattered margins along entire length. \ \ Often one of the first Sphagnum colonisers following major disturbance such as commercial peat extraction, agricultural land-claim or burning, once any form of shade canopy has developed on cessation of the disturbance. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5E75BD9F_4FF9_C22D_41C6_A7F7237C4580.text = A species of bog margins and poor fens, this species can thus generally be distinguished from the very similar S. papillosum by habitat niche. The latter is restricted to open ombrotrophic bog conditions while S. palustre is never found in such habitat, other than in flushes and spring seepages, or where there has been localised enrichment (e.g. gull nests, or death of sheep or deer). S. palustre also frequently forms large hummocks around the bases of birch, willow and alder in wet woodlands on peat, as well as beneath oak on raised bog remnants where the formerly-dry peat surface has begun to re-wet. In summary, any large Sphagnum forming hummocks beneath trees in the UK is likely to be S. palustre. \ \ Although S. palustre can be difficult to distinguish from S. papillosum in shape and colour, the influence of shade generally means that S. palustre is more elongated with fascicles more widely spaced along the stem. The colour is also generally a paler green (or even slightly pink) than is typical for S. papillosum. \ \ Definitive separation from S. papillosum is only possible microscopically. The inner walls of S. palustre have a sharp 'clean' appearance, in contrast to the inner hyaline-cell walls of S. papillosum which have a thick 'fuzzy' appearance under low-power magnification. This is due to the presence of the small diagnostic papillae, which can usually be seen clearly under magnifications of 300x - 400x or more. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_75BF8DFB_6088_3E4D_41BA_532AC20F4640.text = A species readily confused with S. capillifolium or (if one accepts such taxanomic separation) S. rubellum both because of its red colour and because it often occurs in somewhat similar settings, appearing to form hummocks in the manner of those two species. \ \ Close inspection of the colour pattern, however, will reveal that the red colouration occurs as a form of alternating red and green 'zebra-stripes' - fairly distinctive when looked for. In addition, the setting will often not actually be a hummock as such, but more typically occur as a thick carpet covering a relatively steep slope or bank. Furthermore, this slope will frequently though not invariably benefit from some degree of shade, whether this be a north-facing bank, open Atlantic 'rainforest'-type woodland or dense dwarf-shrub shade. \ \ Closer examination of the plant will reveal, in addition to the 'zebra-stripes' of the branch colouration, the large red upward-pointing stem leaves with their broad and slightly tattered apex. The hyaline cells of these stem leaves have no spiral fibrils towards ther apex of the leaf whereas both S. capillifolium and S. rubellum both have some fibril structures in their stem leaves. \ \ S. russowii is not really a species of the open bog though it may occasionally find small suitable niches. It is more typical of blanket mire margins (moss-covered stream-banks) and lightly wooded moss-covered slopes. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5222A0CB_42B7_7F69_41B6_48969410A417.text = A species that continues to undergo discussion about its taxonomic status, S. capillifolium is considered to be a complex of closely-related forms, today most usually only separated from S. rubellum within that complex. The often-quoted field feature is that the capitulum is a rounded dome whereas S. rubellum is flatter, but this is not a reliable distinction - the best being that (a) S. rubellum tends to have 5-ranked leaves along its branches, (b) the branch stem is visible through the leaves, (c) the hyaline cells of the stem leaf have multiple internal intersecting dividing walls whereas S. capillifolium cells are undivided or only once or twice divided, (d) S. rubellum hyaline cells of the stem leaf always have multiple fibrils of spiral thickening whereas those of S. capillifolium have few, if any, such spiral thickening, and (e) the hyaline cells of the branch leaves in S. capillifolium show large pores on the incurved (ventral) side of the leaf whereas S. rubellum has no such pores. \ \ Ecologically, the two are rather similar as well, both being hummock-formers, though S. capillifolium is perhaps more associated with larger, more compact hummocks while S. rubellum forms looser mounds and may extend its range further into the wetter conditions of low ridge. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4D4F07C9_42B1_0169_41A9_3E0C372BF514.text = A species with a wide ecological tolerance spanning acid ombrotrophic bog to moderately rich fen. When occuring as small patches on acid bogs it generally indicates mild localised enrichment, but it forms extensive swards of hummmocks and carpets in poor-fen and mesotrophic fen conditions. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5299F088_42B3_FFD7_41C6_071F4786526F.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_59DD917F_4AFA_5471_41D1_E308F69A6CA3.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_73466A57_6098_3A45_41B9_401EFC73E15B.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_49F25B15_51F9_C58B_41C2_3D45563355B9.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_49D64EAE_5B19_0D7F_41C2_4CFE2B142DA3.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4D4F77C9_42B1_0169_41A9_F1AE259B5759.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7D2F52A7_6EF1_BCF9_41C6_6380356A7FDE.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5F5194DB_4FFA_C236_41C4_7D66E16AEDE2.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5222E0CB_42B7_7F69_41CD_FD3DCAB0CA74.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52229A31_42B7_0339_41C1_3CE391934E19.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46B9A3BB_5500_BCF1_41D2_867400725AA1.text = Ecology HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523FD508_42B1_06D7_417F_F352426A8BDA.text = Ecology \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4A4D40B8_5B1B_3563_41C3_54699FC88CC7.text = Generally considered to be one of the most beautiful Sphagna ('pulchrum' means 'beautiful' in Latin), the most distinctive features of this species are its golden colour and the orderly way in which its leaves are arranged in five neat rows along its branches. Neither of these features is unique to S. pulchrum because S. fallax and the rare S. lindbergii can be as golden and 5-ranked,, while S-tenellum can be as golden but is small and has non-ranked rounded leaves, while S. warnstorfii and S. rubellum are also 5-ranked but they are reddish-purple, whereas S. recurvum (also occasionally 5-ranked) is generally greenish-yellow. \ \ S. pulchrum is usually quite a robust species, mid-way between the 'chunky' look of species such as S. papillosum and the smaller more delicate species such as S. capillifolium or S. fuscum though with the narrow pointed leaves typical of this latter group. Often the abrupt blunt ends to many of the spreading branches can be a useful feature. It is a member of the aquatic/semi-aquatic Cuspidata group and shares the long hyaline cells typical of that group. Other than its (often) blunt branch-ends, S. pulchrum can be best separated from S. fallax by the latter's orange antheridial buds on the ends of the branches (never present in S. pulchrum), its green-yellow stem (brown-ish in S. pulchrum) and often a lack of fibrils in the stem leaf (though authorities disagree on this point). In the UK, S. fallax also tends to occur in more disturbed wet locations (e.g. recolonising peat cuttings) whereas S. pulchrum is more typical of undistrubed bog environments. \ \ In terms of habitat, this species is one of the characteristic species of the T1/A1 transition zone between the terrestrial and aquatic habitat, forming a golden fringe to a hollow or pool. The species is not common in the UK and has a rather scattered distribution tending towards the oceanic west, but with a notable outlier in the Dorset wet heaths where it shares the T1/A1 transition zone with S. tenellum. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46B9CE2D_5500_8791_41B4_D7168602EE92.text = Hyaline cells of branch leaf with evident open pores. Note that small chlorophyll cells are completely enclosed in the middle of the leaf so are not in focus when either surface (upper or lower) of the larger hyaline cell surface is in focus. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_41F9299B_5501_8CB2_41CB_5499E9F5101A.text = Hyaline cells of branch leaf with spiral thickening and open pores. Cells are generally shorter and fatter than in S. papillosum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5298B08E_42B3_FFEA_41C7_C4463D532819.text = Large stem leaves crowded onto the stem HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523E8508_42B1_06D7_41D0_462A31956326.text = Now the dominant Sphagnum of bogs in oceanic Europe (although further east in continental conditions S. papillosum is regarded as a species of nutrient-poor fens). Only definitvely distinguished from S. palustre by its microscopic papillae, in the field it can generally be distinguished by its habitat - S. palustre being restricted to bog edge habitat and weakly flushed conditions while S. papillosum occupies the main bog expanse. It occupies the high ridge (T2) and low ridge (T1) zones of the microtopography in bogs. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4696F6F8_5501_847F_41C9_A2A3E16730E9.text = S. medium branch tip HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_47A934B2_5501_84F2_41B4_A94CDAB60BB6.text = S. papillosum branch (top) and S. medium branch (bottom). Note more rounded leaves of S. medium compared to S. papillosum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523E1508_42B1_06D7_41C4_C806DCDE1751.text = S. papillosum sward with one or \ two capitula of S. capillifolium HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_49C98E8D_51E9_3C9B_41D3_E88D0A138141.text = S. tenellum with characteristic round. brown fruiting capsules, and scattered Hypnum jutlandicum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4D4EB7C9_42B1_0169_41CA_438BE67E3D5C.text = Sphagnum angustifolium HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5299C088_42B3_FFD7_41C1_3A75945B72C8.text = Sphagnum austinii HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_522220CB_42B7_7F69_41B9_4B1226C99447.text = Sphagnum capillifolium HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52DCEA2D_42B7_0329_41B0_73D8D3FBD524.text = Sphagnum cuspidatum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5222DA30_42B7_0337_41C7_7B77A1BC2E39.text = Sphagnum cuspidatum at the T1/A1 transition with S. pulchrum (centre) HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52234A30_42B7_0337_41AB_1A8666203F06.text = Sphagnum cuspidatum mass floating in A3 drought-sensitive pool or A4 permanent pool HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5BB50642_4ACB_DF93_41AB_DF13D539219D.text = Sphagnum fimbriatum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5985CC4B_4AC5_D391_41C3_653AE60D419B.text = Sphagnum fimbriatum hummock growing in the shade of a Calluna canopy HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46003F6C_5501_8597_41CD_8DF01AB9920B.text = Sphagnum medium \ (ex magellanicum) HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5F53508B_4FE9_C216_41C8_835EB1ACD40C.text = Sphagnum palustre HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523ED508_42B1_06D7_4185_4F258EBA9D08.text = Sphagnum papillosum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4A16CB74_5B0B_0BE3_41B8_3973E3D16BA0.text = Sphagnum pulchrum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_701B8411_6088_2DDD_41C1_6582A8301570.text = Sphagnum russowii HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4656D875_51A7_C38B_41D0_EF0B958E504B.text = Sphagnum tenellum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46D7C4B4_51F8_CC89_41CE_FD37B34ADD27.text = Sphagnum tenellum is a small, delicate species of the transition between the terrestrial and aquatic zone, often found colonising areas of wet bare peat. It is also therefore often a pioneer species, readily colonising areas of wet bare peat resulting from burning or trampling, before being replaced after some 5-10 years by more robust Sphagnum species. Extensive tracts of S. tenellum might thus be 'red flags', indicating the former widespread presence of bare peat. \ \ Typically short-stemmed, rarely longer than a little finger, and often fragile, breaking up easily when handled, this species can most readily be identified by its yellow-golden colour and, most characteristically, by the 'crab-claw' at the end of many branches. \ \ Powerful hand lenses may also show the extended neck of retort cells on the branch stems, while stem leaves are characteristically almost as large as the distinctly rounded branch leaves which are comparatively widely spaced and create a 'string of pearls' appearance, particularly when the branch dries out. Microscopically, stem leaves have spiral fibrils in upper parts of the leaf. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7F9AF734_6ED0_85DE_41D9_C0107ABD9F05.text = Sphagnum teres HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7A017CAD_6EF0_84CE_41D4_87CE9FC16C95.text = Sphagnum teres is a species of gently-flushed fen conditions with moderately elevated mineral enrichment. In the field it is distinguished by its green capitulum surrounded by a tangle of long, olive-orange spreading branch leaves resembling the arms of a starfish or octopus. \ \ The other distinctive field characteristic is its comparatively large stem leaf, which is markedly larger and more tongue-shaped than the branch leaves. The plant often also has a somewhat 'scaly' appearance arising from the way in which the leaves overlap on the branches, sometimes accentuated by the presence of microbubbles trapped between the leaves. \ \ Where flushed areas are richer in mineral solutes, a 'brown-moss' community may dominate, but as these solutes are stripped from the water by these non-Sphagnum moss communities and the mineral content is somewhat reduced, a Sphagnum teres and Juncus community will typically develop. Downstream from this, the community may develop into a solute-poor community dominated by the S. recurvum group or by S. palustre. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46CD3C84_5501_8496_41C8_3F825C7290C0.text = T2 high-ridge with a mix of Sphagnum species. S. medium is the large red Sphagnum centre-right, S. papillosum is the pale green Sphagnum centre and bottom left, S. capillifolium is the smaller red Sphagnum, and one small stem of golden S. tenellum is visible bottom-left of centre. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5298E08E_42B3_FFEA_41D0_265A3FABBAB6.text = The definitive microscopic feature of S. austinii - the 'comb fibrils' - like stubby little fingers extending into the clear water-filled hyaline cells from the cell walls. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52225A31_42B7_0339_41CB_86747F21F3C4.text = The definitive species of A1 Sphagnum hollows in European oceanic regions. Forms bright green or yellowish mats that are aquatic and thus cannot support weight. Long leaves mean that when the plant is squeezed it resembles wet fur. To distinguish from similar species of that A1 hollow niche, (e.g. S. recurvum/fallax group) other than the extremely long leaves, look for evident spiral 'fibrils' in upper part of stem leaf (fallax/recurvum has none) while S. balticum has only half-formed stem-leaf fibrils. Where there is even mild enrichment, or in re-colonising flooded bare-peat areas, floating Sphagnum mats tend to be the recurvum/fallax group, at least initially. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5298108E_42B3_FFEA_41BC_4C65BD5E0E5E.text = Tight ginger-biscuit coloured branches of the capitulum, like miniature cigars. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5299308E_42B3_FFEA_41B9_B1E23270AF70.text = Two branch leaves and one stem leaf HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_529B9088_42B3_FFD7_41AA_2639DF6384EF.text = Typically, branch fascicles have two spreading branches and one pendant branch. Two fascicles are shown here on opposite sides of the main stem. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5299708E_42B3_FFEA_41C9_CCFF79DCD7CE.text = Upper part of the stem leaf has distinct short 'needles' poking into the empty water-storing hyaline cells. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4D782ADA_428F_036B_41B6_1C9760B19EC9.text = Welcome to \ Sphagnum World - \ the IUCN UK Peatland Programme \ guide to Sphagnum identification. \ \ This guide is in its initial stages \ so this is currently a 'taster' of \ the material to come. \ \ Click on the 'Species List' \ to see individual species HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_41E59F58_5503_85BE_41CE_D84DCD291AE4.text = While there is still ongoing debate about whether S. magellanicum should be separated into S. medium, S, divinum and S. magellanicum (the last suggested as only found in the Southern Hemisphere), the decision here is to identify S. medium as a characteristic species of T2 high ridge and T1 low ridge (S. divinum is said to be more associated with the T1/A1 transition and even mild fen enrichment). \ \ S. medium is the only large 'chunky' Sphagnum of bog environments which has distinctly red tints (so is the large equivalent of the smaller Acutifolia group S. capillifolium). If in doubt when examining a sward of suspected S. medium, open the sward and look for hints of pink/red below. No other 'chunky' bog species has such tints beneath the surface capitula. \ \ It is a vigorous species and can be found colonising abandoned peat cuttings (where semi-floating, possibly S. divinum) and also as carpets spreading down and across the bare peat faces of gullies. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_59A90936_4ADA_D5F3_41B2_88B874B5E137.text = branch \ leaf HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523E1508_42B1_06D7_4191_BF36D366D6A0.text = branch leaf \ thin pale lines are the living chlorophyll cells while the dead water-storing hyaline cells are clear with thin strands of sprial thickening HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5E30F6C8_4ACA_BC9F_41B7_05BD38FF98F2.text = branch leaf and branch leaf cells HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_72D56C59_609F_FE4D_41CF_90FCB04AC9A0.text = branch leaf cells HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523FC508_42B1_06D7_41CB_2D8C861943DB.text = branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_49D5EC9F_51E7_5CB6_41C3_527675BDC1C5.text = cells of branch leaf HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4802A66B_5B1F_1DE5_41C9_6932604E205A.text = characteristically long hyaline cells in branch leaf HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_58244EE9_4ADE_AC91_41D1_72197BAB4895.text = crown of stem leaves on removing the capitulum HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52237A2E_42B7_032B_41C7_584986E4A65F.text = downward-pointing stem leaf on stem HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_59A6BD97_4AC6_6CB2_41D1_1D7BF99BF5FF.text = fascicle HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5EECF57E_4FF6_42EF_4182_9FC1A7A19F06.text = fascicle HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_716C5270_6088_2A5B_41B8_1A028C123106.text = fascicle HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7F10A6C9_6ED3_84B6_41C8_E0E0A8938215.text = fascicle HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52DC6A2D_42B7_0329_41CB_75ACF7C26357.text = fascicle of two spreading branches and one smaller pendant branch HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_49A86739_5B09_1B65_41A6_43D74EA79280.text = fascicles HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_523F6508_42B1_06D7_41C5_1DE1C346D6F0.text = hyaline cells of branch leaf with \ evident sprial thickening and \ open pores HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5499C185_4676_536B_41B3_D83E3914FE84.text = pendant \ branch HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_58739BAF_4ADB_B491_41B5_3C80ABA9C527.text = pendant \ branch HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_73E850E9_6088_264D_41B4_CF346A5F1EB8.text = pendant \ branch HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AE626BD_5B09_7D5D_41D0_63F5E507BF84.text = pendant \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5EB65507_4FFA_421D_41BA_496AC5E62DBA.text = pendant \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5222BA2F_42B7_0329_41B5_026349FA1FE4.text = single floating plants HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7CE93C95_6EF0_84DE_41B4_63EB14A07FDD.text = small bubbles between leaves or just the over-lapping of leaves give a 'scaly' look to branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_468F7AD9_51EB_44BB_41D1_31130A05FBEE.text = spiral fibrils in stem leaf HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5EF36D78_4ADA_6C7F_41CD_BBFC1563931C.text = spreading \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4872C3FB_5B09_FAE5_41B5_9FC3AC68B30A.text = spreading \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_722657F8_6088_2A4B_41C6_CAD757D03352.text = spreading \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_544FB040_4676_51EA_41D1_7D4F84E8A51A.text = spreading \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AF3C8C8_5B0B_1523_41D4_E14E4A27BEE4.text = spreading \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5E03F7E5_4FF6_4E1D_41B8_4A822A54075C.text = spreading \ branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_583779CD_4ADD_D491_41CB_57573693D6FA.text = stem \ leaf HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_72B6210F_6098_67C5_41CC_A977125947D5.text = stem \ leaves \ on \ stem HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_72A6D847_6098_2645_41D6_DA9F67429BAE.text = stem leaf cells HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_59FB0A64_4ADA_B797_41AF_EA14CDC39F4A.text = stem leaf cells with sometimes one, or two, thin dividing walls but no spiral fibrils HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7ADE7A85_6ED1_8CBE_41CF_F0B619D26692.text = two long spreading branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7F58894B_6EEF_8C4A_41C0_996ED845ECA4.text = two pendant branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5223EA30_42B7_0337_4168_3507091D30DC.text = typical A1 Sphagnum cuspidatum carpet HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_59EB6D7D_4ACA_6C71_41D1_2642EFF70029.text = typical tangled look of spreading branches HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5223FA2E_42B7_032B_41C4_03C7B1510459.text = very long branch leaves and much shorter stem leaves HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52232A2F_42B7_0329_41C8_F6D22F8BC5B8.text = very long hyaline cells in branch leaf ## Media ### Image imlevel_44181CEF_5016_43ED_41D3_BE05580CA591.url = media/panorama_42A9EF03_4FEB_BE15_41C2_EB37EE4CB01C_HS_0fqpw10s_en.png imlevel_44163CD0_5016_4233_41CC_1C7D9375A5EE.url = media/panorama_42A9EF03_4FEB_BE15_41C2_EB37EE4CB01C_HS_80ov1dpd_en.png imlevel_44149CB0_5016_4273_41C9_55508E780D8C.url = media/panorama_42A9EF03_4FEB_BE15_41C2_EB37EE4CB01C_HS_9miacwli_en.png 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imlevel_73721E61_6098_5A7D_41A5_46C7F33DDD21.url = media/panorama_6DE2DE3A_6088_7DCF_41B7_71BABA6A438D_HS_svb7znrk_en.png imlevel_73766ED2_6098_5A5F_41CB_9AF646EC27FA.url = media/panorama_6DE2DE3A_6088_7DCF_41B7_71BABA6A438D_HS_u8nrzmda_en.png ### Title panorama_4D09A3D2_428F_017A_41B8_30BD278E027D.label = Sphagnum angustifolium panorama_4C573BC1_428F_0159_41B7_D3AEF7F697F2.label = Sphagnum austinii panorama_4C570380_428F_01D7_41BB_E5CFD7BEB924.label = Sphagnum capillifolium panorama_4C57EB3F_428F_0129_41CD_4F8B6C991137.label = Sphagnum cuspidatum panorama_47EED9DB_4ACE_54B1_41BF_FC4DF8E7B21B.label = Sphagnum fimbriatum panorama_586ACE3F_5500_87F2_419E_091EF4D00152.label = Sphagnum medium panorama_42A9EF03_4FEB_BE15_41C2_EB37EE4CB01C.label = Sphagnum palustre panorama_4C578316_428F_02FA_41C1_14DAA2F8283D.label = Sphagnum papillosum panorama_57A8D891_5AFB_7525_41D0_82BBE542C9A0.label = Sphagnum pulchrum panorama_6DE2DE3A_6088_7DCF_41B7_71BABA6A438D.label = Sphagnum russowii 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References


Laine, J., Flatberg, K. I., Harju, P., Timonen, T., Minkkinen, K., Laine, A., Tuittila, E.-S. and Vasander, H. (2018) Sphagnum Mosses - The Stars of European Mires. University of Helsinki Department of Forest Sciences, Sphagna Ky, Helsinki. 326 pp.


This is a beautifully illustrated book filled with a standardised set of photographs for each species described. These photographs include views of the species in the field, as well as images of individual leaf and stem structures, together with microscope views of leaf cells. It describes a total of 60 species, providing a comprehensive account of European Sphagnum species.


Flatberg, K.I. (2013) Norges torvmoser. Akademica forlag, Trondheim. 307 pp.


Another beautiful book (sadly already out of print) which contains almost everything you ever wanted to know about Sphagnum but were afraid to ask - although it is all in Norwegian, so Google Translate is a useful help-mate. This gorgeously illustrated book represents a lifetime of knowledge gained by one of the world's pre-eminent Sphagnum taxonomists. It pre-dates the Laine et al. book by 5 years and Kjell Ivar Flatberg revised one or two of his taxonomic decisions when contributing to that later book as part of the Laine et al. team.


Michaelis, D. (2019) The Sphagnum species of the world. Bibliotheca Botanica, Volume 162. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart. 435 pp.


This massive tome is the definitive guide to Sphagnum of the world. Though entirely in black and white, the illustrations are clear and, in simplifying detail for the drawings, often better at highlighting key features than photographs. Almost all species - a total of 219 species - are illustrated with line drawings and sometimes greyscale flatbed scans of actual specimens. Dierk Michaelis sometimes decides that the evidence for species is not sufficiently robust and so combines into a single overall description some species that are described as distinct in the two publications above.


Daniels, R. E. and Eddy, A. (1985) Handbook of European Sphagna. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook. 262 pp.


Available on-line, and though much older than the publications listed above, this handbook is still relevant for most species, while the line-drawings are, again, very clear and helpful in highlighting key features of significance.


Richard Lindsay
HTMLText_58FF6DC1_4A07_5066_41A1_A57CF94287BA.html =



References


Laine, J., Flatberg, K. I., Harju, P., Timonen, T., Minkkinen, K., Laine, A., Tuittila, E.-S. and Vasander, H. (2018) Sphagnum Mosses - The Stars of European Mires. University of Helsinki Department of Forest Sciences, Sphagna Ky, Helsinki. 326 pp.


This is a beautifully illustrated book filled with a standardised set of photographs for each species described. These photographs include views of the species in the field, as well as images of individual leaf and stem structures, together with microscope views of leaf cells. It describes a total of 60 species, providing a comprehensive account of European Sphagnum species.


Flatberg, K.I. (2013) Norges torvmoser. Akademica forlag, Trondheim. 307 pp.


Another beautiful book (sadly already out of print) which contains almost everything you ever wanted to know about Sphagnum but were afraid to ask - although it is all in Norwegian, so Google Translate is a useful help-mate. This gorgeously illustrated book represents a lifetime of knowledge gained by one of the world's pre-eminent Sphagnum taxonomists. It pre-dates the Laine et al. book by 5 years and Kjell Ivar Flatberg revised one or two of his taxonomic decisions when contributing to that later book as part of the Laine et al. team.


Michaelis, D. (2019) The Sphagnum species of the world. Bibliotheca Botanica, Volume 162. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart. 435 pp.


This massive tome is the definitive guide to Sphagnum of the world. Though entirely in black and white, the illustrations are clear and, in simplifying detail for the drawings, often better at highlighting key features than photographs. Almost all species - a total of 219 species - are illustrated with line drawings and sometimes greyscale flatbed scans of actual specimens. Dierk Michaelis sometimes decides that the evidence for species is not sufficiently robust and so combines into a single overall description some species that are described as distinct in the two publications above.


Daniels, R. E. and Eddy, A. (1985) Handbook of European Sphagna. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook. 262 pp.


Available on-line, and though much older than the publications listed above, this handbook is still relevant for most species, while the line-drawings are, again, very clear and helpful in highlighting key features of significance.


Richard Lindsay
HTMLText_062AD830_1140_E215_41B0_321699661E7F_mobile.html =


Sphagnum bog moss identification


Sphagnum is often regarded as diffcult to identify. It is true that it often displays a large degree of plasticity in both form and colour, but there are certain features that can help to provide some confidence in identification.


At the very least, it is important to identify that the plant is indeed Sphagnum and not some other moss such as Climaceum dendroides, because Sphagnum is a key indicator and initiator of peat formation. It is also a sensitive indicator of environmental conditions and habitat condition.


It has been said that the Sphagnum genus almost certainly holds more botanically-captured carbon than any other genus of plant. As such, on a planetary scale it makes this thumb-sized plant at least as significant for the climate emergency as the tallest tropical rainforest tree.


'Sphagnum World' aims to help you recognise some of the key features that distinguish one Sphagnum species from another. We intend to keep growing the range of species described. For the reference works we have used, see the separate Reference List.


Richard Lindsay
HTMLText_062AD830_1140_E215_41B0_321699661E7F.html =


Sphagnum bog moss identification


Sphagnum is often regarded as diffcult to identify. It is true that it often displays a large degree of plasticity in both form and colour, but there are certain features that can help to provide some confidence in identification.


At the very least, it is important to identify that the plant is indeed Sphagnum and not some other moss such as Climaceum dendroides, because Sphagnum is a key indicator and initiator of peat formation. It is also a sensitive indicator of environmental conditions and habitat condition.


It has been said that the Sphagnum genus almost certainly holds more botanically-captured carbon than any other genus of plant. As such, on a planetary scale it makes this thumb-sized plant at least as significant for the climate emergency as the tallest tropical rainforest tree.


'Sphagnum World' aims to help you recognise some of the key features that distinguish one Sphagnum species from another. We intend to keep growing the range of species described. For the reference works we have used, see the separate Reference List.


Richard Lindsay
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info@iucn.org.uk
https://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/



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IUCN UK Peatland Programme
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## Tour ### Description tour.description = n identification guide to the Sphagnum species of the UK ### Title tour.name = IUCN UK Peatland Programme World of Sphagnum