#: locale=en
## Media
### Audio
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### Floorplan
### Image
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### Title
map_33059C49_299A_81E7_41C3_DB6EC4124A06.label = Building A6 (SB1Z)_Minimap
map_374424A7_2996_82AB_41C1_69357E84156F.label = Building B1 (SB2ZZ)_Minimap
map_326C8699_2997_8167_41AC_FB52F4C78177.label = Building B1 (SB2ZZ)_Minimap (top area)
panorama_B490D13E_BED3_4F09_41CD_C00834913D53.label = EntranceA001_edited
video_9957F548_880B_6055_41BC_6ECEC7116EE4.label = INTRO
map_3226CB40_299A_87E6_41AD_E7584F03D22F.label = Jeti A3 & Jeti A4 (SB1Y)
map_3388A22E_299E_81BD_41C2_45E6191B15D5.label = Jeti A5 (SB1M)_Building
map_355E9BEE_286F_86BD_41BF_99076B83F2FA.label = Jeti B2_Minimap
map_348AAE1F_286A_819B_41BA_5A09688CBC78.label = Jeti B3 (SB2D)_Minimap
map_37BC12BB_287A_869B_41BE_6D756ECC6A7B.label = Jeti B4 (SB2H)_Minimap
map_375DBDE6_2876_82AA_41A1_4667A08F517C.label = Minimap #1
map_32437D94_29AA_836D_41A3_F55EF0ED2A7B.label = Peleburan Besi A1 (SB1G)_Minimap
map_35CE8460_287A_81A5_41BA_EA31A11B9112.label = Peleburan Besi B5 (SB2Q)_Minimap
map_335DE724_29AD_8FAD_419B_6CDC0F764C2D.label = Ritual Site A2 (SB1B)_Minimap
panorama_763342A9_4F81_6A58_41C8_3C749F7CF095.label = START
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panorama_D9D7122E_D688_8540_4191_E009E79B585B.label = SiteB2002_edited
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panorama_D9D4BB24_D68B_9B40_41BD_11114AA580F2.label = SiteB2008_edited
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panorama_D9D78B9F_D689_BB40_41E5_92AE740CA22C.label = SiteB3002_edited
panorama_D9D4E532_D689_8F40_41D0_A2D9E7051940.label = SiteB3003_edited
panorama_D9D4CF7A_D689_9BC3_41D4_79D9915B4633.label = SiteB3004_edited
panorama_D9D71910_D689_875F_41E7_603429AEF5A9.label = SiteB3005_edited
panorama_D9D752C2_D689_8AC3_41D2_7E242400359C.label = SiteB3006_edited
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### Video
videolevel_86C0CEAC_979F_9F60_41A8_4DBB0ED3FE87.url = media/video_9957F548_880B_6055_41BC_6ECEC7116EE4_en.m3u8
videolevel_9906C979_979E_85E3_41B6_A0DAA3B900A6.url = media/video_9957F548_880B_6055_41BC_6ECEC7116EE4_en.mp4
videolevel_86C0CEAC_979F_9F60_41A8_4DBB0ED3FE87.posterURL = media/video_9957F548_880B_6055_41BC_6ECEC7116EE4_poster_en.jpg
videolevel_9906C979_979E_85E3_41B6_A0DAA3B900A6.posterURL = media/video_9957F548_880B_6055_41BC_6ECEC7116EE4_poster_en.jpg
### Video Subtitles
## Skin
### Image
Image_17D67763_199C_73B5_41B5_E88032874415.url = skin/Image_17D67763_199C_73B5_41B5_E88032874415_en.gif
Image_348CA457_2179_0369_41AC_988F273E8FE1.url = skin/Image_348CA457_2179_0369_41AC_988F273E8FE1_en.png
Image_369F541E_270C_B87F_4113_91E2909295E0.url = skin/Image_369F541E_270C_B87F_4113_91E2909295E0_en.png
Image_376AA74D_271D_78DD_41BF_0AB42639451D.url = skin/Image_376AA74D_271D_78DD_41BF_0AB42639451D_en.png
Image_37B5F77F_2737_58BD_41C3_0644946E207E.url = skin/Image_37B5F77F_2737_58BD_41C3_0644946E207E_en.png
Image_37BF7D92_2717_4846_41BC_2A2804DADD23.url = skin/Image_37BF7D92_2717_4846_41BC_2A2804DADD23_en.png
Image_38E871B0_2AAF_C334_41A8_1C70AB1CBBC2.url = skin/Image_38E871B0_2AAF_C334_41A8_1C70AB1CBBC2_en.jpg
Image_3A52240B_2A9F_C0D4_41C0_BFE14E6B76EC.url = skin/Image_3A52240B_2A9F_C0D4_41C0_BFE14E6B76EC_en.jpg
Image_3A633D9A_2AA8_43F7_41A9_5E3241224037.url = skin/Image_3A633D9A_2AA8_43F7_41A9_5E3241224037_en.jpg
Image_3A6A46AE_2AA8_C12F_41C0_8FB2B30CA724.url = skin/Image_3A6A46AE_2AA8_C12F_41C0_8FB2B30CA724_en.jpg
Image_7E021096_6E49_A15D_41D0_340B561DE887.url = skin/Image_7E021096_6E49_A15D_41D0_340B561DE887_en.png
Image_7E30CB7F_6E4B_A7CB_41D8_AA6F59103455.url = skin/Image_7E30CB7F_6E4B_A7CB_41D8_AA6F59103455_en.png
Image_9280A3F4_8716_6F26_41D7_C1AB53AE217E.url = skin/Image_9280A3F4_8716_6F26_41D7_C1AB53AE217E_en.jpg
Image_95A079FC_871A_7B25_41A7_64904269CA6C.url = skin/Image_95A079FC_871A_7B25_41A7_64904269CA6C_en.png
Image_95D17A8D_870A_F9E7_41DA_D648C00E3D5B.url = skin/Image_95D17A8D_870A_F9E7_41DA_D648C00E3D5B_en.jpg
### Label
Label_BF2F7043_AE35_F027_41E2_CD2B6123D989.text = *Imej hanya sekadar ilustrasi / Illustration purpose only
Label_328A2EDA_2179_1F67_41B4_CA7E6C15082C.text = Bangunan
Label_328B7ED9_2179_1F65_4189_4356EA674837.text = Buildings
Label_32C4B9F5_2109_0523_41B7_D0C4F96C4A1B.text = Jeti
Label_32C479F5_2109_0523_41A1_BD43915A5757.text = Jetty
Label_352C3B7A_210B_0520_41B2_5E3E7DAFD1F5.text = Ritual Site
Label_32879E70_2107_7F39_41B5_1842A4182EB2.text = Smelting Area
Label_26BD9D2E_334E_C4DF_41C7_D4E29F27B296.text = Tapak / SIte SB2H
Label_1441EA68_2777_48C2_41AE_5CF4920BCE0E.text = Tapak / Site SB1A
Label_278F1B7A_3357_C347_41C0_6AD71E7C7180.text = Tapak / Site SB1B
Label_21C41C00_3336_44C3_41A5_95B88389FE90.text = Tapak / Site SB1G
Label_27BB877F_335A_C33D_41C7_181F03E6DFB7.text = Tapak / Site SB1M
Label_27D88DE0_335E_C743_415C_B601FA8F2820.text = Tapak / Site SB1Y
Label_26965BEE_334A_435F_41C9_5320C8C9D329.text = Tapak / Site SB1Z
Label_26D5904F_337A_BD5D_4194_BF323ACBA731.text = Tapak / Site SB2A
Label_26829D2D_334E_C4DD_41A6_06591D356717.text = Tapak / Site SB2B
Label_26830D2B_334E_C4C4_41B0_A4C22BF9D3BF.text = Tapak / Site SB2E
Label_26BDED2F_334E_C4DD_41BC_EA9BB13D2C2C.text = Tapak / Site SB2Q
Label_26806D2A_334E_C4C7_41A7_3DE7EC64B133.text = Tapak / Site SB2ZZ
Label_329D43CB_2109_0563_41A2_495618FB4B9E.text = Tapak Peleburan
Label_352C8B7B_210B_0520_41C0_4109E7E3DC1E.text = Tapak Ritual
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HTMLText_042651C5_2109_057E_41BD_77865B876837.html = BANGUNAN
BUILDINGS
Terdapat pelbagai jenis bangunan lain termasuk pusat perdagangan dan rumah dijumpai di Kompleks Sungai Batu selain daripada jeti, monumen dan kawasan peleburan. Ada juga penempatan pendatang asing dari Selatan China dan Asia Tenggara sejak abad ke-4 sebelum Masihi. Bangunan-bangunan tersebut telah membangun menjadi sebuah kampung seperti Kampung Sungai Mas dan Kampung Pengkalan Bujang serentak dengan pembangunan Sungai Batu lalu menjadikan Kedah Tua sebagai entrepot serantau. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk membina bangunan-bangunan ini adalah sama seperti bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk membina jeti dan monumen dimana diperbuat daripada batu-bata dan bumbung genting tanah liat.
There are many other buildings including trading centres and huts found in Sungai Batu Complex other than the jetties, monuments and smelting areas. There were settlements of foreigners came from South Asia China and Southeast Asia since the 4th century BC. The buildings formed villages such as Kampung Sungai Mas and Kampung Pengkalan Bujang simultaneously with Sungai Batu which then developed Ancient Kedah into a regional entrepôt. The materials used to build these buildings are similar to jetties and monuments, which are bricks and roof tiles made from clay.
JETI
JETTY
Struktur batu dan selapis lantai batu-bata yang menghadap ke arah Utara-Selatan telah dijumpai di tebing sungai Sungai Batu merupakan penemuan baharu dalam sejarah Lembah Bujang. Penemuan sebegini belum pernah dilaporkan di tapak-tapak perdagangan lain di Lembah Bujang seperti Kampung Sungai Mas mahupun Pengkalan Bujang. Perkembangan perdagangan di Sungai Batu dibuktikan dengan penemuan tapak-tapak jeti ini yang berfungsi untuk memindahkan komoditi utama Sungai Batu iaitu jongkong besi ke kapal-kapal. Sebuah struktur dinding dibina yang bertindak sebagai penghadang untuk meletakkan 2 buah bot dan saluran kecil untuk pengaliran air keluar dari lantai. Struktur jeti juga ditutupi dengan bumbung genting yang perbuat daripada tanah liat.
A new discovery in the history of the Bujang Valley has been made with the finding of a stone structure and a layer of brick flooring facing north-south on the river bank of Sungai Batu. Such a discovery has not been reported before at other trading sites in the Bujang Valley such as Kampung Sungai Mas or Pengkalan Bujang. The development of trade at Sungai Batu is evidenced by the discovery of these jetty sites which functioned to move the main commodity of Sungai Batu, iron ingots onto ships. A wall structure was built to act as a barrier for two boats to be placed and a small channel was constructed to drain water from the floor. The jetty structure was also covered with a tiled roof made of clay.
TAPAK PELEBURAN
SMELTING AREA
Sehingga kini, beberapa tapak peleburan besi telah dipertarikhkan dengan menggunakan kaedah Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dan Radiokarbon. Pentarikhan terhadap beberapa tapak telah meletakkan tapak peleburan besi Sungai Batu dari kurun ke-2 hingga ke-13 Masihi lagi. Tapak-tapak peleburan besi tersebut mengandungi jutaan penemuan tuyere. Fungsi tuyere tersebut adalah untuk mengawal suhu di dalam relau dan mengeluarkan asap. Purata diameter tuyere dari 2.33 cm hingga 2.75 cm dan dipercayai dihasilkan secara besar-besaran dalam skala industri. Manakala relau di Sungai Batu dipercayai berbentuk kubah. Walau bagaimanapun, belum ditemui relau yang utuh kerana kebanyakannya telah dipecahkan oleh pelebur besi purba di Sungai Batu untuk mendapat baki sisa besi yang tersumbat ketika proses peleburan.
Until now, several iron-smelting sites have been dated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and radiocarbon methods. Dating of some sites has placed the Sungai Batu iron-smelting site from the 2nd to the 13th century CE. These iron-smelting sites contain millions of tuyere findings. The function of tuyere was to control the temperature inside the furnace and emit smoke. The average diameter of tuyere ranges from 2.33 cm to 2.75 cm and is believed to have been mass-produced on an industrial scale. The furnace at Sungai Batu is believed to be dome-shaped. However, no intact furnace has been found as most of them were broken by ancient iron smelters at Sungai Batu to retrieve leftover iron trapped during the smelting process.
TAPAK RITUAL
RITUAL SITE
Satu-satunya tapak ritual yang ditemui di Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu merupakan sebuah monumen yang memiliki ciri-ciri sebuah stupa agama Buddha. Monumen tersebut dibina dalam 3 bahagian di mana lantai batu bata berbentuk bulat (Pradakshina Patha) diletakkan di atasnya struktur batu bata segi empat dan sebuah lagi struktur kecil berbentuk bulat diletakkan di atas struktur segi empat tersebut. Struktur bulat tersebut kemungkinan merupakan tinggalan kubah kepada stupa tersebut. Bersama dengan monumen ini, ditemui sebuah prasasti yang mengandungi mantra Sagaramtipariprcha. Prasasti dengan isi kandungan yang sama telah ditemui di Kampung Sungai Mas dan Kampung Pendiat. Berdasarkan pada paleografi prasasti tersebut, pentarikhan monumen ini boleh diletakkan pada sekitar abad ke-6 hingga ke-7 Masihi. Tapak ini dibina dengan batu bata pelbagai jenis saiz dan ketebalan antara 15 cm panjang, 8 cm lebar dan 5 cm tinggi. Bahagian atas monumen menggambarkan puncak pencapaian yang tinggi. Serpihan tembikar dijumpai di sekeliling lantai berbentuk bulatan yang menunjukkan tapak tersebut digunakan sebagai relikuari, salah satu objek yang lazim ditemui di kebanyakan tapak-tapak candi di India dan Asia Tenggara.
The only ritual site found at the Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex so far is a monument with characteristics of a Buddhist stupa. The monument was built in three parts with a circular brick floor (Pradakshina Patha) placed on top of a square brick structure and another small circular structure placed on top of the square structure. The circular structure is likely the remains of the stupa's dome. Along with this monument, an inscription containing the mantra Sagaramtipariprcha was found. A similar inscription has been found in Kampung Sungai Mas and Kampung Pendiat. Based on the paleography of the inscription, the dating of the monument can be placed around the 6th to 7th century CE. The site was built with bricks of various sizes and thicknesses between 15 cm long, 8 cm wide and 5 cm high. The upper part of the monument depicts a high pinnacle of achievement. Pottery fragments were found around the circular floor, indicating that the site was used as a reliquary, a common object found at most temple sites in India and Southeast Asia.
KEPENTINGAN SUNGAI BATU
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUNGAI BATU
Tapak Arkeologi Sungai Batu dilaporkan buat kali pertamanya pada tahun 1988 oleh Jane S. Allen hasil daripada kerja-kerja peninjauan beliau di sekitar kawasan tersebut. Pada tahun 2007, kajian paleoalam di sekitar kawasan Sungai Merbok telah membawa kepada penemuan sekurang-kurangnya 97 busut yang berpotensi mengandungi tinggalan-tinggalan fitur purba. Ekskavasi pada sekitar tahun 2008-2009 telah membawa kepada penemuan struktur-struktur bata serta tinggalan aktiviti peleburan besi purba. Penemuan tapak-tapak peleburan besi dan jeti tersebut telah sama sekali mengubah tafsiran sejarah mengenai Kedah Tua, terutamanya dari segi pentarikhan serta fungsinya. Penemuan di Sungai Batu jelas membuktikan bahawa Kedah Tua bukan sahaja berperanan sebagai sebuah pusat perdagangan entrepot tetapi juga memiliki industrinya yang tersendiri. Tapak ini telah diwartakan sebagai Tapak Warisan Kebangsaan di bawah Akta Warisan Kebangsaan 2005 pada tahun 2017.
The Sungai Batu Archaeological Site was first reported in 1988 by Jane S. Allen, following her survey work in the area. In 2007, a palaeoenvironmental study around the Merbok River area led to the discovery of at least 97 potential prehistoric features. Excavations around 2008-2009 resulted in the discovery of brick structures and remnants of ancient iron smelting activities. The discovery of the iron smelting sites and jetties has completely changed the interpretation of the history of ancient Kedah, especially in terms of its origin and function. The Sungai Batu findings clearly prove that ancient Kedah was not just a trading entrepot but also had its own industry. This site has been gazetted as a National Heritage Site under the National Heritage Act 2005 in 2017.
LEMBAH BUJANG
BUJANG VALLEY
Berdasarkan kepada rekod-rekod Cina, India dan Arab, Kedah Tua telah disebut dengan pelbagai nama seperti Kadaram, Kazhagam, Kataha, Kalah dan Chieh-Cha. Pusat kepada aktiviti ekonomi dan perdagangan Kedah Tua terletak di kawasan sekitar Gunung Jerai serta Lembah Sungai Merbok, Sungai Bujang dan Sungai Muda yang dikenali sebagai Lembah Bujang. Penempatan di Lembah Bujang seperti Kampung Sungai Mas, Pengkalan Bujang dan Sungai Batu berfungsi sebagai pusat perdagangan dan industri kerana kedudukannya yang strategik, ciri geomorfologi yang sesuai serta kaya dengan pelbagai sumber alam.
KKedah Tua was identified by several names including Kadaram, Kazhagam, Kataha, Kalah, and Chieh-Cha in historical records from China, India and Arab. The hub of economic and trade activities in Kedah Tua was situated in the vicinity of Mount Jerai as well as in the valleys of Merbok River, Bujang River and Muda River, collectively known as the Bujang Valley. The settlements within the Bujang Valley, including Sungai Mas, Pengkalan Bujang and Sungai Batu, served as centers for trade and industry due to their strategic locations, favorable geomorphological features and rich natural resources.
Tinggalan- tinggalan kebudayaan yang berunsurkan Hindu-Buddha dapat diberikan pentarikhan dari abad ke-4 hingga ke-14 Masihi dan tertumpu di kawasan Lembah Sungai Bujang dan Sungai Muda. Kajian terkini di Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu pada tahun 2007 telah membawa kepada penemuan 97 tapak yang terdiri daripada tinggalan tapak peleburan besi, monumen keagamaan serta tapak-tapak jeti. Penemuan arkeologi di Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu telah membuktikan peranan Kedah Tua sebagai pelabuhan dagang dan pusat peleburan besi sejak abad ke-2 Masihi lagi.
The remnants of Hindu-Buddhist culture which can be traced back to the period between the 4th and 14th centuries AD, were found mainly in the Bujang River Valley and Muda River. Recent studies conducted in 2007 at the Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex revealed the existence of 97 sites that contain remnants of iron smelting sites, religious monuments and jetty sites. The archaeological discoveries made at the Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex provide evidence of Kedah Tua role as a trading port and center for iron smelting since the 2nd century AD.
PENGENALAN
INTRODUCTION
Kedah Tua merupakan gugusan penempatan perdagangan dan industri yang berpusat di Lembah Bujang semenjak abad ke-2 hingga 14 Masihi. Penyelidikan arkeologi di Lembah Bujang telah membawa kepada pelbagai bentuk penemuan seperti tinggalan candi, arca dan prasasti Hindu-Buddha, seramik perdagangan, manik dan tembikar tanah. Penemuan-penemuan tersebut telah memberi gambaran penting mengenai latar sejarah dan kebudayaan Kedah Tua dari aspek ekonomi, politik serta hubungannya dengan dunia luar.
Kedah Tua was a cluster of trade and industrial settlements centered in the Bujang Valley from the 2nd to the 14th century AD. Archaeological research in the Bujang Valley has led to various discoveries such as remnants of Hindu-Buddhist temple, statues and inscriptions, trade ceramics, beads and earthenware. These discoveries have provided important insights into the historical background and culture of Kedah Tua in terms of its economy, politics and relationships with the outside world.