#: locale=en
## Action
### URL
LinkBehaviour_FBE4D3B1_A91B_4E43_41DE_2C268B027050.source = https://houghtonlib.tumblr.com/
LinkBehaviour_F0E69B16_B339_D025_41DD_A6DF46173153.source = https://houghtonlib.tumblr.com/
LinkBehaviour_F750AC3A_A919_5A46_41B1_930BA72DD8C1.source = https://twitter.com/houghtonlib
LinkBehaviour_F0E2BB14_B339_D025_41D0_0D1959089815.source = https://twitter.com/houghtonlib
LinkBehaviour_F666FBD2_A919_3DC1_41D6_A4BA3763272C.source = https://www.facebook.com/HoughtonLibrary/
LinkBehaviour_F0E5FB13_B339_D023_41B6_55CB272E6AE5.source = https://www.facebook.com/HoughtonLibrary/
LinkBehaviour_F518B5D9_A91B_F5C3_41E0_0A191409AA1B.source = https://www.instagram.com/houghtonlibrary/
LinkBehaviour_F0E43B15_B339_D027_41E3_1634985AB9CC.source = https://www.instagram.com/houghtonlibrary/
LinkBehaviour_F0E40B15_B339_D027_4122_B8BFE9D52D28.source = https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCS-NkU8Qh2GHfWHrfbfIjsQ
LinkBehaviour_F055127D_A918_CEC3_41D5_16741F62458C.source = https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCS-NkU8Qh2GHfWHrfbfIjsQ
LinkBehaviour_B3A6C08D_A708_CA43_41D2_5F988C69A674.source = https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/65820674/animals-are-us-anthropomorphism-in-childrens-literature-celebrating-the-peter-j-solomon-collection
LinkBehaviour_F0FB9B04_B339_D025_41B7_5213CDF851B7.source = https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/65820674/animals-are-us-anthropomorphism-in-childrens-literature-celebrating-the-peter-j-solomon-collection
## Media
### Floorplan
### Image
imlevel_54DA8756_17E1_C748_4181_7D0C5746F104.url = media/map_19D08143_ACEB_24FB_41D2_6989515B5A64_en_0.png
imlevel_54DAB757_17E1_C748_41AF_12172FC0794B.url = media/map_19D08143_ACEB_24FB_41D2_6989515B5A64_en_1.png
imlevel_54DAD759_17E1_C778_41B3_D7E6DEFDBC9E.url = media/map_19D08143_ACEB_24FB_41D2_6989515B5A64_en_2.png
imlevel_54DAC75A_17E1_C778_4187_DCAFFA5520D0.url = media/map_19D08143_ACEB_24FB_41D2_6989515B5A64_en_3.png
imlevel_555F34AE_17E1_B9DB_41B4_1ACDACD537A1.url = media/zoomImage_C4830695_ACD7_2D9F_41D2_40193005D405_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_555FD4AF_17E1_B9D9_41B2_E795A84B39B1.url = media/zoomImage_C4830695_ACD7_2D9F_41D2_40193005D405_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_555FE4B0_17E1_B9C7_4192_B76CE2109574.url = media/zoomImage_C4830695_ACD7_2D9F_41D2_40193005D405_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_555F94B1_17E1_B9C9_4192_481617917A1E.url = media/zoomImage_C4830695_ACD7_2D9F_41D2_40193005D405_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_555E44D7_17E1_B949_419A_B1CA0CE149FB.url = media/zoomImage_C48866AA_ACD7_2DB5_41BF_35A252AC11A5_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555E64D8_17E1_B947_41A0_C834DEEE1150.url = media/zoomImage_C48866AA_ACD7_2DB5_41BF_35A252AC11A5_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5566DDC7_17E1_CB49_41B2_42CA3A5BDF68.url = media/zoomImage_C4AA82C9_ACD7_25F7_41C9_06F7A027561D_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_5566CDC8_17E1_CB47_4199_8E2E3B383C0C.url = media/zoomImage_C4AA82C9_ACD7_25F7_41C9_06F7A027561D_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_55611DC9_17E1_CB59_41AE_48DC8A65E944.url = media/zoomImage_C4AA82C9_ACD7_25F7_41C9_06F7A027561D_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_55617DCA_17E1_CB5B_41A3_3FFA1E5F88EE.url = media/zoomImage_C4AA82C9_ACD7_25F7_41C9_06F7A027561D_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55616DCB_17E1_CB59_41A4_AB4AFD3220F4.url = media/zoomImage_C4AA82C9_ACD7_25F7_41C9_06F7A027561D_en_0_4.jpg
imlevel_5559052B_17E1_B8D9_419D_CB6F42CA833A.url = media/zoomImage_C55F0701_ACD5_6C77_41D3_2783A2A912DE_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_5559152C_17E1_B8DF_41A5_92BF5DC89A65.url = media/zoomImage_C55F0701_ACD5_6C77_41D3_2783A2A912DE_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_5559352D_17E1_B8D9_4198_4E031E5E38A4.url = media/zoomImage_C55F0701_ACD5_6C77_41D3_2783A2A912DE_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_5559D52E_17E1_B8DB_417C_75F1D3C3662E.url = media/zoomImage_C55F0701_ACD5_6C77_41D3_2783A2A912DE_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_555EF500_17E1_B8C8_41B1_A5FE343D8742.url = media/zoomImage_C6F2DA39_ACD7_2497_41E4_3319BA1943A3_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_555EB501_17E1_B8C9_41A5_00A666677C5F.url = media/zoomImage_C6F2DA39_ACD7_2497_41E4_3319BA1943A3_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_55594502_17E1_B8CB_41AE_A594CEC6DFB6.url = media/zoomImage_C6F2DA39_ACD7_2497_41E4_3319BA1943A3_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_55596503_17E1_B8C9_41AF_29C89FE95A93.url = media/zoomImage_C6F2DA39_ACD7_2497_41E4_3319BA1943A3_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55584553_17E1_BB49_41AE_711AE1010595.url = media/zoomImage_C6F95A4D_ACD7_248F_41CD_DC051621D86B_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55585554_17E1_BB4F_41AB_16F334F8DD8B.url = media/zoomImage_C6F95A4D_ACD7_248F_41CD_DC051621D86B_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555D4401_17E1_B8C8_41AB_AD2505A48310.url = media/zoomImage_CC232385_A454_E47F_41E4_5FF55F39232E_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_555D5402_17E1_B8C8_41A2_3587032F904D.url = media/zoomImage_CC232385_A454_E47F_41E4_5FF55F39232E_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_555D1404_17E1_B8C8_41A4_06C8C00662C1.url = media/zoomImage_CC232385_A454_E47F_41E4_5FF55F39232E_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_555D2405_17E1_B8C8_41B4_4D1F19EE178C.url = media/zoomImage_CC232385_A454_E47F_41E4_5FF55F39232E_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_555DE42D_17E1_B8D9_4190_1E2FECEFE39A.url = media/zoomImage_CC278388_A454_E475_41D8_57C734AF2B2F_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555DF42F_17E1_B8D9_41A3_239746AFA8CD.url = media/zoomImage_CC278388_A454_E475_41D8_57C734AF2B2F_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555CB483_17E1_B9C8_4193_A88E058F22FB.url = media/zoomImage_CE810124_A4AF_24BD_41CA_BEA81CD53853_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555F6484_17E1_B9C8_41A8_FE5E824797C0.url = media/zoomImage_CE810124_A4AF_24BD_41CA_BEA81CD53853_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555C145A_17E1_B97B_418D_742E0B9DDA5F.url = media/zoomImage_CE8F9105_A4AF_247E_41E1_34C24B6D3A4A_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_555C245C_17E1_B97F_4195_D6A6EA615DE7.url = media/zoomImage_CE8F9105_A4AF_247E_41E1_34C24B6D3A4A_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_555CD45D_17E1_B979_41B0_10164DF1A81F.url = media/zoomImage_CE8F9105_A4AF_247E_41E1_34C24B6D3A4A_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_555CE45D_17E1_B979_419F_7D86A2E1D70A.url = media/zoomImage_CE8F9105_A4AF_247E_41E1_34C24B6D3A4A_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_555C845F_17E1_B979_41B0_BADC1766B379.url = media/zoomImage_CE8F9105_A4AF_247E_41E1_34C24B6D3A4A_en_0_4.jpg
imlevel_5563EEA1_17E1_C9C9_41AF_33D964CF99E2.url = media/zoomImage_EA18D683_A5B7_16EB_41E0_BD93FE6784ED_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5563DEA2_17E1_C9CB_41B3_EBA5F828493D.url = media/zoomImage_EA18D683_A5B7_16EB_41E0_BD93FE6784ED_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55626EC8_17E1_C947_41AA_F9B3CE345356.url = media/zoomImage_EB0DB092_A5BF_6AE5_41E2_A4D15418CED8_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5562BEC9_17E1_C959_41AA_3884309BB426.url = media/zoomImage_EB0DB092_A5BF_6AE5_41E2_A4D15418CED8_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556DCF46_17E1_C74B_4181_9AD069DA975E.url = media/zoomImage_EB0E1403_A5B7_29EB_41B5_21C530947DF4_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556C3F47_17E1_C749_415F_002F85BEB81C.url = media/zoomImage_EB0E1403_A5B7_29EB_41B5_21C530947DF4_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556C4F6F_17E1_C759_41AC_945DA79775F0.url = media/zoomImage_EB41B271_A5B5_2E26_41DA_CA8FB29D4A4C_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556CBF70_17E1_C747_4147_A014EE387150.url = media/zoomImage_EB41B271_A5B5_2E26_41DA_CA8FB29D4A4C_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556FAFC1_17E1_C749_41A6_A0F6CE0F82E1.url = media/zoomImage_EB54DD61_A5DB_1A27_41D8_9E55C9591156_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556F9FC2_17E1_C74B_41AB_BE53A18F96BF.url = media/zoomImage_EB54DD61_A5DB_1A27_41D8_9E55C9591156_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556F8FC3_17E1_C749_419F_7B690D8C9E5C.url = media/zoomImage_EB54DD61_A5DB_1A27_41D8_9E55C9591156_en_0_2.png
imlevel_556FEFC4_17E1_C74F_4184_220F36851354.url = media/zoomImage_EB54DD61_A5DB_1A27_41D8_9E55C9591156_en_0_3.png
imlevel_5568C0BB_17E1_B939_41B4_27D723E95173.url = media/zoomImage_F059872E_A5EB_163D_41C9_5A0970245EDB_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5568E0BB_17E1_B938_41B4_5E4939CE61E3.url = media/zoomImage_F059872E_A5EB_163D_41C9_5A0970245EDB_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5536BBF1_17E0_4F49_4180_1A174217B801.url = media/zoomImage_F0C07B84_B339_D025_41D5_4AD923542B18_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_55315BF2_17E0_4F4B_418E_CF9825395137.url = media/zoomImage_F0C07B84_B339_D025_41D5_4AD923542B18_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_55317BF3_17E0_4F49_41B1_D4A95F345669.url = media/zoomImage_F0C07B84_B339_D025_41D5_4AD923542B18_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_55310BF3_17E0_4F49_41A4_36A14E38373D.url = media/zoomImage_F0C07B84_B339_D025_41D5_4AD923542B18_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55313BF4_17E0_4F4F_41A3_D64AD19AB9C7.url = media/zoomImage_F0C07B84_B339_D025_41D5_4AD923542B18_en_0_4.jpg
imlevel_55362BC4_17E0_4F4F_41B4_4B4E0B15D658.url = media/zoomImage_F0C1EB82_B339_D01D_41B2_BC9FB6485C75_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55363BC5_17E0_4F49_417A_27D1F7CDCC85.url = media/zoomImage_F0C1EB82_B339_D01D_41B2_BC9FB6485C75_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55300C46_17E0_494B_4192_2E6DB3F48E8D.url = media/zoomImage_F0C24B8A_B339_D02D_41D3_69A2587637C8_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_55301C47_17E0_4949_4175_6667E928305E.url = media/zoomImage_F0C24B8A_B339_D02D_41D3_69A2587637C8_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_55303C48_17E0_4947_4198_BA87F98359E8.url = media/zoomImage_F0C24B8A_B339_D02D_41D3_69A2587637C8_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_5530EC49_17E0_4959_41B3_02B0BFEA4B52.url = media/zoomImage_F0C24B8A_B339_D02D_41D3_69A2587637C8_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55334C6F_17E0_4958_417B_136ACAC1F915.url = media/zoomImage_F0C4AB8C_B339_D025_41DA_EB19223AB9EC_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55335C70_17E0_4948_417A_C2A40B6DDA30.url = media/zoomImage_F0C4AB8C_B339_D025_41DA_EB19223AB9EC_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5531FC1C_17E0_48FF_4186_0F52EF5A698E.url = media/zoomImage_F0C57B87_B339_D023_41C2_3D80D3A04A4D_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55318C1D_17E0_48F9_41A1_25BFBCA4499A.url = media/zoomImage_F0C57B87_B339_D023_41C2_3D80D3A04A4D_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55331C9B_17E0_49F8_4186_81B15CAA95F4.url = media/zoomImage_F0C58B8F_B339_D023_41C1_74E7770C9297_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_5533CC9C_17E0_49F8_41A0_C76728873FC6.url = media/zoomImage_F0C58B8F_B339_D023_41C1_74E7770C9297_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_5533EC9D_17E0_49F8_41A8_BA7DC74E8C89.url = media/zoomImage_F0C58B8F_B339_D023_41C1_74E7770C9297_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_5533FC9E_17E0_49F8_41B1_E8C334877E5F.url = media/zoomImage_F0C58B8F_B339_D023_41C1_74E7770C9297_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55320CC7_17E0_4949_41B2_A7BF5A9D2667.url = media/zoomImage_F0C5BB90_B339_D03D_41E4_63DCAA95F755_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_55323CC7_17E0_4949_41B0_1AB8DA77CAFD.url = media/zoomImage_F0C5BB90_B339_D03D_41E4_63DCAA95F755_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_5532FCC8_17E0_4947_41A4_F3E81C225A4D.url = media/zoomImage_F0C5BB90_B339_D03D_41E4_63DCAA95F755_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_55328CCA_17E0_495B_41A3_86F4CE3B5E1E.url = media/zoomImage_F0C5BB90_B339_D03D_41E4_63DCAA95F755_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_554E7980_17E0_4BC8_41A0_9EF4683080A8.url = media/zoomImage_F0D0CB5B_B339_D023_41E4_69BB533059D3_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554E1981_17E0_4BC8_41AC_863E1C7DC166.url = media/zoomImage_F0D0CB5B_B339_D023_41E4_69BB533059D3_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554F8957_17E0_4B49_4191_4D317F68EDD4.url = media/zoomImage_F0D0DB59_B339_D02F_41D3_8EE9E8EDAB18_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554F9958_17E0_4B47_419D_5E6825598418.url = media/zoomImage_F0D0DB59_B339_D02F_41D3_8EE9E8EDAB18_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554F492B_17E0_48D8_419C_7E001F05B71B.url = media/zoomImage_F0D11B56_B339_D025_41C5_AEDD44FC08A7_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554F692C_17E0_48D8_41A6_68EEC4C1C556.url = media/zoomImage_F0D11B56_B339_D025_41C5_AEDD44FC08A7_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554C2902_17E0_48C8_417F_CFC94F2D33A7.url = media/zoomImage_F0D1FB54_B339_D025_4191_D8F53BF3D50E_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554C3903_17E0_48C8_41AC_AD89788488BD.url = media/zoomImage_F0D1FB54_B339_D025_4191_D8F53BF3D50E_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554E89A7_17E0_4BC8_4183_6861A754E582.url = media/zoomImage_F0D3BB5E_B339_D025_41DB_C119B631C41D_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554E99A9_17E0_4BD8_419E_ED07AA9A554A.url = media/zoomImage_F0D3BB5E_B339_D025_41DB_C119B631C41D_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5548EA2A_17E0_48DB_41B0_EE4931C593FB.url = media/zoomImage_F0D49B65_B339_D0E7_41D2_3BF4E9FEA85C_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_55488A2B_17E0_48D9_41B3_36807B84DAB0.url = media/zoomImage_F0D49B65_B339_D0E7_41D2_3BF4E9FEA85C_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_55489A2C_17E0_48DF_4195_17276E8F8AA4.url = media/zoomImage_F0D49B65_B339_D0E7_41D2_3BF4E9FEA85C_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_5548BA2D_17E0_48D9_419F_72852D77A0DB.url = media/zoomImage_F0D49B65_B339_D0E7_41D2_3BF4E9FEA85C_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_554B5A53_17E0_4949_419C_234B8BCFEEBC.url = media/zoomImage_F0D4AB68_B339_D0ED_41D4_6BC17855D8F2_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554B0A54_17E0_494F_4185_6F6540E2DE37.url = media/zoomImage_F0D4AB68_B339_D0ED_41D4_6BC17855D8F2_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5549D9D2_17E0_4B48_4181_A76A9463E9E0.url = media/zoomImage_F0D51B60_B339_D01D_41B9_0FFFC0F759F2_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5549E9D3_17E0_4B48_417F_5382190B9339.url = media/zoomImage_F0D51B60_B339_D01D_41B9_0FFFC0F759F2_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5549F9D4_17E0_4B48_419B_E617D551D704.url = media/zoomImage_F0D51B60_B339_D01D_41B9_0FFFC0F759F2_en_0_2.png
imlevel_5549B9D5_17E0_4B48_4188_4D70017ED216.url = media/zoomImage_F0D51B60_B339_D01D_41B9_0FFFC0F759F2_en_0_3.png
imlevel_5549B9FE_17E0_4B3B_41A0_E3404A4AA027.url = media/zoomImage_F0D52B63_B339_D0E3_41E2_FD9FC31C04BA_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554849FF_17E0_4B39_41B0_2B355C9F9375.url = media/zoomImage_F0D52B63_B339_D0E3_41E2_FD9FC31C04BA_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554BEA79_17E0_4939_4199_AFBF2A0DB6E6.url = media/zoomImage_F0D69B6B_B339_D0E3_41B3_72465C582C89_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554B9A7B_17E0_4939_4182_24DF5375BF6C.url = media/zoomImage_F0D69B6B_B339_D0E3_41B3_72465C582C89_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554A7AA4_17E0_49CF_41A3_F9631732C53A.url = media/zoomImage_F0D8CB70_B339_D0FD_41C7_6B30E2826D90_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554A1AA5_17E0_49C9_41AF_8203F1968498.url = media/zoomImage_F0D8CB70_B339_D0FD_41C7_6B30E2826D90_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554ABACD_17E0_4959_41A5_669272091D96.url = media/zoomImage_F0DAEB72_B339_D0FD_41D4_B690FC162208_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55356ACE_17E0_495B_4198_B07CD6104E14.url = media/zoomImage_F0DAEB72_B339_D0FD_41D4_B690FC162208_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55352AF7_17E0_4949_41AC_73CE67CA0A68.url = media/zoomImage_F0DBBB75_B339_D0E7_41CE_F55C87692F9C_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5535DAF9_17E0_4939_41B0_A7C51111BA7E.url = media/zoomImage_F0DBBB75_B339_D0E7_41CE_F55C87692F9C_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5535BB21_17E0_48C9_41AE_415334414680.url = media/zoomImage_F0DC2B78_B339_D0ED_41A6_4DEEA20031AC_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55346B22_17E0_48CB_41B1_B1CA84448E59.url = media/zoomImage_F0DC2B78_B339_D0ED_41A6_4DEEA20031AC_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5534CB48_17E0_4F47_41AA_3A1D1404D6CF.url = media/zoomImage_F0DD4B7A_B339_D0ED_41D2_C30C3972B315_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55348B49_17E0_4F59_41B3_B9F2F515CC3E.url = media/zoomImage_F0DD4B7A_B339_D0ED_41D2_C30C3972B315_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55378B9A_17E0_4FFB_41A0_377513919915.url = media/zoomImage_F0DE7B7F_B339_D0E3_41A2_3ECA6DD1268A_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_55379B9B_17E0_4FF9_41B2_6363CE943BBE.url = media/zoomImage_F0DE7B7F_B339_D0E3_41A2_3ECA6DD1268A_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_5537BB9C_17E0_4FFF_4170_5591EE150752.url = media/zoomImage_F0DE7B7F_B339_D0E3_41A2_3ECA6DD1268A_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_55365B9D_17E0_4FF9_41B0_CB4FFBB8E4CC.url = media/zoomImage_F0DE7B7F_B339_D0E3_41A2_3ECA6DD1268A_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55376B70_17E0_4F47_4190_549D94AA1178.url = media/zoomImage_F0DFFB7D_B339_D0E7_41A2_3EF0FA56C08E_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55370B71_17E0_4F49_41A0_6E2905B978F5.url = media/zoomImage_F0DFFB7D_B339_D0E7_41A2_3EF0FA56C08E_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555BE5D3_17E1_BB48_41B3_584AAB861E3F.url = media/zoomImage_F0E40B1D_B339_D027_41E4_67DE0D7D0F09_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555B85D4_17E1_BB48_41A8_85798C4CF40C.url = media/zoomImage_F0E40B1D_B339_D027_41E4_67DE0D7D0F09_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555A8628_17E1_B8C7_41A2_D46305FE4F9C.url = media/zoomImage_F0E48B22_B339_D01D_41E2_89C72194533F_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555AB629_17E1_B8D9_41B1_3B2A16FC6587.url = media/zoomImage_F0E48B22_B339_D01D_41E2_89C72194533F_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5545164F_17E1_B959_41AB_9DB7478194DD.url = media/zoomImage_F0E4CB26_B339_D064_41E5_312BF27382F5_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55452650_17E1_B947_41A9_CE906AA978CE.url = media/zoomImage_F0E4CB26_B339_D064_41E5_312BF27382F5_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555B15AA_17E1_BBDB_4193_99F3D20793F2.url = media/zoomImage_F0E56B1B_B339_D02C_41D0_BB99924E5AAE_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555B25AB_17E1_BBD9_4180_CB2AA0547240.url = media/zoomImage_F0E56B1B_B339_D02C_41D0_BB99924E5AAE_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555A05FB_17E1_BB39_41AD_D71F0489556F.url = media/zoomImage_F0E5DB1F_B339_D023_41D8_2B90F68382BC_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555A15FC_17E1_BB3F_41AC_2C1184D84DAB.url = media/zoomImage_F0E5DB1F_B339_D023_41D8_2B90F68382BC_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5544B6C7_17E1_B948_41B2_5D3694827FF0.url = media/zoomImage_F0E61B2F_B339_D063_41C9_99911F767370_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554746C8_17E1_B958_41AF_6E7D1F40CBF8.url = media/zoomImage_F0E61B2F_B339_D063_41C9_99911F767370_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5544369E_17E1_B9FB_4176_70F862076C5F.url = media/zoomImage_F0E76B2C_B339_D065_41E2_FCA5100FCDDB_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5544C69F_17E1_B9F9_41B1_316C9F70C109.url = media/zoomImage_F0E76B2C_B339_D065_41E2_FCA5100FCDDB_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55459676_17E1_B94B_4191_7CDCDC59BAE1.url = media/zoomImage_F0E7DB29_B339_D06F_41D6_FD12049E4506_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5545B677_17E1_B949_41B3_8E2C5919B09D.url = media/zoomImage_F0E7DB29_B339_D06F_41D6_FD12049E4506_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55463742_17E0_474B_41B2_01444E4E775F.url = media/zoomImage_F0E86B36_B339_D065_41CC_B1FDD0AF2DBF_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5546D743_17E0_4749_41A8_14C6AF5A4A0B.url = media/zoomImage_F0E86B36_B339_D065_41CC_B1FDD0AF2DBF_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554726EF_17E1_B958_41A3_AEC84039FBD8.url = media/zoomImage_F0E92B31_B339_D07F_41BF_05A7DFD330C2_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554736F0_17E1_B948_41B4_49FC0A0368B7.url = media/zoomImage_F0E92B31_B339_D07F_41BF_05A7DFD330C2_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5547A718_17E1_B8C7_41A1_874757A9B884.url = media/zoomImage_F0E95B34_B339_D065_41E5_03E904CDF2F5_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55464719_17E1_B8F9_41B4_63C60F9CC602.url = media/zoomImage_F0E95B34_B339_D065_41E5_03E904CDF2F5_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55415769_17E0_4758_41B2_D95CAD5FFD62.url = media/zoomImage_F0E98B39_B339_D06F_41D4_170E5BEE50A4_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5541676A_17E0_4758_41A9_71C6DB287D2A.url = media/zoomImage_F0E98B39_B339_D06F_41D4_170E5BEE50A4_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554027BE_17E0_4738_41AE_F4362FDD770F.url = media/zoomImage_F0EA5B3F_B339_D063_41E0_FD5E98B7C723_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554037BF_17E0_4738_41A2_6181D9FE7E8D.url = media/zoomImage_F0EA5B3F_B339_D063_41E0_FD5E98B7C723_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55430810_17E0_48C8_41AC_992EE478673D.url = media/zoomImage_F0EAAB44_B339_D025_417C_8AD64D51846E_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55431811_17E0_48C8_41A3_18A59141896B.url = media/zoomImage_F0EAAB44_B339_D025_417C_8AD64D51846E_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5543C812_17E0_48C8_4178_021A01C5071A.url = media/zoomImage_F0EAAB44_B339_D025_417C_8AD64D51846E_en_0_2.png
imlevel_5541F795_17E0_47C8_418B_C0472C801766.url = media/zoomImage_F0EB4B3C_B339_D065_416C_F909097A6327_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55418796_17E0_47C8_419F_7ABFD1D5F392.url = media/zoomImage_F0EB4B3C_B339_D065_416C_F909097A6327_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5541B797_17E0_47C8_41A2_616B9B2592EE.url = media/zoomImage_F0EB4B3C_B339_D065_416C_F909097A6327_en_0_2.png
imlevel_55405797_17E0_47C8_4197_D5269151C6DF.url = media/zoomImage_F0EB4B3C_B339_D065_416C_F909097A6327_en_0_3.png
imlevel_5540A7E7_17E0_4748_4167_76F6FD544EA0.url = media/zoomImage_F0EBFB41_B339_D01F_41E1_48B138E154B8_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554347E8_17E0_4758_4196_99D1DF9C43E4.url = media/zoomImage_F0EBFB41_B339_D01F_41E1_48B138E154B8_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5542483B_17E0_4939_41B0_1110FFA56432.url = media/zoomImage_F0EC5B46_B339_D025_41E5_F98DE1F8317B_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5542583C_17E0_493F_4180_CFE14E351F34.url = media/zoomImage_F0EC5B46_B339_D025_41E5_F98DE1F8317B_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554D18AF_17E0_49D8_41A8_0CEEA18D67AF.url = media/zoomImage_F0EC8B4F_B339_D023_41D9_AF1AFB395F44_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554D28B0_17E0_49C8_41AA_9E61054B4728.url = media/zoomImage_F0EC8B4F_B339_D023_41D9_AF1AFB395F44_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554D4887_17E0_49C9_4170_991985CDBC29.url = media/zoomImage_F0EC9B4C_B339_D025_41D5_8852473DA0E2_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554D6888_17E0_49C7_41A8_008CE15AD6D3.url = media/zoomImage_F0EC9B4C_B339_D025_41D5_8852473DA0E2_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55421861_17E0_4949_4193_4C161408E4E4.url = media/zoomImage_F0EDFB49_B339_D02F_41AF_4AAE67C427C9_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55423862_17E0_494B_41A0_975212C30171.url = media/zoomImage_F0EDFB49_B339_D02F_41AF_4AAE67C427C9_en_0_1.png
imlevel_554C48D8_17E0_4947_41AC_F629BB88EC87.url = media/zoomImage_F0EE5B51_B339_D03F_41B9_89E4B47F47EC_en_0_0.png
imlevel_554C58D9_17E0_4979_41AD_1313DEFA484E.url = media/zoomImage_F0EE5B51_B339_D03F_41B9_89E4B47F47EC_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5558C582_17E1_BBCB_4167_1AD5049619C8.url = media/zoomImage_F0FE6B0A_B339_D02D_419E_282CE6294943_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_5558D583_17E1_BBC9_4175_FF4ACB0F04F9.url = media/zoomImage_F0FE6B0A_B339_D02D_419E_282CE6294943_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_5558F584_17E1_BBCF_4192_BAC75DFF4B23.url = media/zoomImage_F0FE6B0A_B339_D02D_419E_282CE6294943_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_5558A585_17E1_BBC9_4198_FF3ED3E5B92B.url = media/zoomImage_F0FE6B0A_B339_D02D_419E_282CE6294943_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_5558B586_17E1_BBCB_4179_8E15E3970B27.url = media/zoomImage_F0FE6B0A_B339_D02D_419E_282CE6294943_en_0_4.jpg
imlevel_556BA138_17E1_B8C7_4188_007788413BAC.url = media/zoomImage_F1B2E8F8_A5F5_1A26_41E1_A1EB6B7D5098_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556A5139_17E1_BB39_41A9_158EF8680812.url = media/zoomImage_F1B2E8F8_A5F5_1A26_41E1_A1EB6B7D5098_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556EC015_17E1_B8C9_41A8_33C1F0BEE09E.url = media/zoomImage_F45FAE42_A5D5_3665_41D6_DDBB77C65888_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556ED016_17E1_B8CB_4192_C94D8E7E19F8.url = media/zoomImage_F45FAE42_A5D5_3665_41D6_DDBB77C65888_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556FCFEE_17E1_C75B_41A6_6AE66EAD0951.url = media/zoomImage_F488C356_A5D5_EE6D_41E2_5294ED19CF75_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556E3FEF_17E1_C759_41AF_F9133CB7C2AF.url = media/zoomImage_F488C356_A5D5_EE6D_41E2_5294ED19CF75_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5569A093_17E1_B9C8_4181_2E1A2640D0CA.url = media/zoomImage_F4BBBCEA_A5ED_7A25_41C8_15A5965474F3_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55684096_17E1_B9CB_418C_E4954A1F6BFC.url = media/zoomImage_F4BBBCEA_A5ED_7A25_41C8_15A5965474F3_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556CDF98_17E1_C7C7_41B3_F36E17E39057.url = media/zoomImage_F4C5A0D7_A5DD_2A6B_41D2_99B926B27AC2_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556CCF99_17E1_C7F9_41B4_01D22E918C96.url = media/zoomImage_F4C5A0D7_A5DD_2A6B_41D2_99B926B27AC2_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5562FEEF_17E1_C959_41B2_E907D99CE353.url = media/zoomImage_F4EA95F8_A5BB_2A25_41B0_87397277FA77_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5562DEF0_17E1_C947_4193_D61315FF469A.url = media/zoomImage_F4EA95F8_A5BB_2A25_41B0_87397277FA77_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5569C06B_17E1_B959_41A0_48CE652EED82.url = media/zoomImage_F4EB3697_A5EB_16EA_41D1_852C7383BDB7_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5569D06D_17E1_B959_41A8_FE58085DF243.url = media/zoomImage_F4EB3697_A5EB_16EA_41D1_852C7383BDB7_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556EA040_17E1_B947_4198_515E8113CC2C.url = media/zoomImage_F4FAE779_A5EB_7627_41D4_4AC152CA8C76_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55694041_17E1_B949_41AF_DE6170D827C9.url = media/zoomImage_F4FAE779_A5EB_7627_41D4_4AC152CA8C76_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55697042_17E1_B94B_40AE_CCA5455CD000.url = media/zoomImage_F4FAE779_A5EB_7627_41D4_4AC152CA8C76_en_0_2.png
imlevel_556DBF19_17E1_C8F9_4193_5187A3E857D6.url = media/zoomImage_F5BC7D4B_A5B5_1A7B_418C_A5BA4827F56F_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556DAF1B_17E1_C8F9_41A3_89F6453F0E60.url = media/zoomImage_F5BC7D4B_A5B5_1A7B_418C_A5BA4827F56F_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55614DF2_17E1_CB4B_41B4_00CB04031C8D.url = media/zoomImage_F6045CD0_D023_6F05_41EA_00EC0E6E2561_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5561BDF3_17E1_CB49_41A0_FE604BA28E78.url = media/zoomImage_F6045CD0_D023_6F05_41EA_00EC0E6E2561_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5550A357_17E1_BF49_41A6_305CF19C2B5F.url = media/zoomImage_F62B4AE8_A5DD_1E25_41CF_ABC8E8247BEC_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55534358_17E1_BF47_41AF_6D875942C833.url = media/zoomImage_F62B4AE8_A5DD_1E25_41CF_ABC8E8247BEC_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55561287_17E1_B9C8_419E_D50C7725D6F8.url = media/zoomImage_F635AEB3_A5D5_162B_41D6_705A3D8E5954_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5556328A_17E1_B9DB_418D_7CE172A7E94A.url = media/zoomImage_F635AEB3_A5D5_162B_41D6_705A3D8E5954_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55531388_17E1_BFD8_41AF_AC659CFE7AAD.url = media/zoomImage_F636CAFB_A5DD_1E1B_41D3_32A27777F300_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5553D389_17E1_BFD8_41B1_5CA0A2E94A22.url = media/zoomImage_F636CAFB_A5DD_1E1B_41D3_32A27777F300_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556A3160_17E1_BB47_41A7_D2C647381756.url = media/zoomImage_F6396724_A5FB_162D_41CC_F8FC2D8C620F_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556AC161_17E1_BB49_41A8_00253AE056F0.url = media/zoomImage_F6396724_A5FB_162D_41CC_F8FC2D8C620F_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5555418A_17E1_BBD8_41A4_46EFEEFAB816.url = media/zoomImage_F6639348_A5FF_6E65_41BD_0460AEBD5918_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5555518B_17E1_BBD8_419D_7B379494E275.url = media/zoomImage_F6639348_A5FF_6E65_41BD_0460AEBD5918_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555102DB_17E1_B979_41A0_E098B0C8BAF2.url = media/zoomImage_F699734E_A5DD_6E7A_41D8_0C6552C2BC73_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555132DD_17E1_B979_41A3_B8FD4D5DFDA0.url = media/zoomImage_F699734E_A5DD_6E7A_41D8_0C6552C2BC73_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555692AF_17E1_B9D9_41AD_2C12ECE133CD.url = media/zoomImage_F703C759_A5DD_1666_41BF_ACCB68952EC2_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5556B2B1_17E1_B9C9_4198_31CEB38AB1CD.url = media/zoomImage_F703C759_A5DD_1666_41BF_ACCB68952EC2_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5560FE50_17E1_C947_41A4_4BCF564740B1.url = media/zoomImage_F71A389E_D027_773D_41E2_609B7014148B_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5560EE51_17E1_C949_41AB_8AAF9E593033.url = media/zoomImage_F71A389E_D027_773D_41E2_609B7014148B_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55604E29_17E1_C8D9_41B4_4A4FEA5120B9.url = media/zoomImage_F755C52B_D027_991B_41D3_BB27E46589D3_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5560BE2A_17E1_C8DB_41A9_87D769189042.url = media/zoomImage_F755C52B_D027_991B_41D3_BB27E46589D3_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5557422F_17E1_B8D9_415D_DF29A105DF56.url = media/zoomImage_F78D4F76_A5F7_162A_41B3_14169B275362_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55576230_17E1_B8C7_418D_F0085BF1F458.url = media/zoomImage_F78D4F76_A5F7_162A_41B3_14169B275362_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5561DE01_17E1_C8C8_417A_FA59CD4CDC11.url = media/zoomImage_F79B6415_D024_9F0E_41DC_C1A8DA0875D5_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5561CE02_17E1_C8C8_4186_3DA1D4DC4228.url = media/zoomImage_F79B6415_D024_9F0E_41DC_C1A8DA0875D5_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5557E259_17E1_B978_41B3_6E87FFB12DAA.url = media/zoomImage_F79BE7B1_A5F5_1627_41CC_E06FF8C73BCE_en_0_0.jpg
imlevel_5557825A_17E1_B978_41AD_FAD6BE886012.url = media/zoomImage_F79BE7B1_A5F5_1627_41CC_E06FF8C73BCE_en_0_1.jpg
imlevel_5557925B_17E1_B978_4199_6BB1D8A8F8D8.url = media/zoomImage_F79BE7B1_A5F5_1627_41CC_E06FF8C73BCE_en_0_2.jpg
imlevel_5557B25C_17E1_B978_41A7_6A850C548BCB.url = media/zoomImage_F79BE7B1_A5F5_1627_41CC_E06FF8C73BCE_en_0_3.jpg
imlevel_55518303_17E1_B8C9_41AD_E10EE76612D3.url = media/zoomImage_F7B30D63_A5DD_7A2B_41BE_E8D1FCA5B488_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5551A304_17E1_B8CF_41A4_2356566D5345.url = media/zoomImage_F7B30D63_A5DD_7A2B_41BE_E8D1FCA5B488_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5550032F_17E1_B8D9_41A0_F6293FB5AE6C.url = media/zoomImage_F7B81D7E_A5DD_7A1A_41E0_CA5214BBC95B_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55502330_17E1_B8C7_41B3_03C27CA2D5FD.url = media/zoomImage_F7B81D7E_A5DD_7A1A_41E0_CA5214BBC95B_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5555A1DC_17E1_BB7F_4198_7102A497F8D5.url = media/zoomImage_F7B9D9D2_A5FD_1A65_41B7_B7475BE707C9_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5555B1DD_17E1_BB79_4198_75104B28F335.url = media/zoomImage_F7B9D9D2_A5FD_1A65_41B7_B7475BE707C9_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55635E77_17E1_C949_41AF_278AC14C10F2.url = media/zoomImage_F7C83AC6_A5AB_1E6D_41E0_6612ECEA48B8_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5563BE79_17E1_C939_4186_C491FA730717.url = media/zoomImage_F7C83AC6_A5AB_1E6D_41E0_6612ECEA48B8_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5554F205_17E1_B8C9_418F_6321C4006AB8.url = media/zoomImage_F7CA2C5E_A5F5_FA1D_41C6_F3654751841E_en_0_0.png
imlevel_55548206_17E1_B8CB_41A7_5B6989E77E04.url = media/zoomImage_F7CA2C5E_A5F5_FA1D_41C6_F3654751841E_en_0_1.png
imlevel_55549207_17E1_B8C9_41AD_F849813F94FF.url = media/zoomImage_F7CA2C5E_A5F5_FA1D_41C6_F3654751841E_en_0_2.png
imlevel_55574208_17E1_B8C7_41A8_3350F7642B26.url = media/zoomImage_F7CA2C5E_A5F5_FA1D_41C6_F3654751841E_en_0_3.png
imlevel_5555E1B3_17E1_BBC9_41AF_A11D36206BE4.url = media/zoomImage_F7CD4088_A5FF_2AE5_41DB_84517DF5DDF1_en_0_0.png
imlevel_5555F1B4_17E1_BBC8_41B1_F51C00CDA068.url = media/zoomImage_F7CD4088_A5FF_2AE5_41DB_84517DF5DDF1_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5568B0E3_17E1_B949_418E_5DEF65B4E71E.url = media/zoomImage_F7EC901D_A5EB_6A1F_418A_61FA0545E616_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556B50E4_17E1_B94F_4195_331E3B8C5F7E.url = media/zoomImage_F7EC901D_A5EB_6A1F_418A_61FA0545E616_en_0_1.png
imlevel_556BE10A_17E1_B8DB_41A6_D993A21FC9D5.url = media/zoomImage_F7FCAEC9_A5F5_1667_41C7_4D6B0A1A7F67_en_0_0.png
imlevel_556BF10B_17E1_B8D9_41B1_B5FAB0CC2370.url = media/zoomImage_F7FCAEC9_A5F5_1667_41C7_4D6B0A1A7F67_en_0_1.png
imlevel_555273D7_17E1_BF48_417A_49CE124E6F2C.url = media/zoomImage_F884BE38_A5DC_F625_41C9_1F03C5F444DE_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555213D8_17E1_BF78_417F_DB0C42870674.url = media/zoomImage_F884BE38_A5DC_F625_41C9_1F03C5F444DE_en_0_1.png
imlevel_5553A3AE_17E1_BFD8_41A0_24B5A951BFF7.url = media/zoomImage_F8B8FE27_A5DC_F62B_41BA_2A21C6388D2D_en_0_0.png
imlevel_555243AF_17E1_BFD8_41AC_62B91420B85C.url = media/zoomImage_F8B8FE27_A5DC_F62B_41BA_2A21C6388D2D_en_0_1.png
### Popup Image
### Title
panorama_270DA6F4_0BFD_E545_41AD_79AA663F5EB9.label = Center - East
panorama_3F8496AC_0BC2_E5C4_4185_888561FC644A.label = Center - North
panorama_298A8D5A_0BC2_274D_41A1_E6565AD66C4A.label = Center - South
panorama_29E7A559_0BC2_E74F_4195_C7DEB2548090.label = Center - West
panorama_29C59DDF_0BC2_2743_417D_93C8C98C4B3A.label = Entry
map_19D08143_ACEB_24FB_41D2_6989515B5A64.label = FLOOR PLAN
panorama_29BBE193_0BC2_3FC3_41AD_8F3D97DF51F0.label = Intro Panel
panorama_0058CDFC_102F_4647_419F_08DBFF8EA422.label = Table case 01 - Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
panorama_1F2ED305_102F_43C1_41AA_290BEF96F310.label = Table case 02 - Caribbean Slavery and Rebellion
panorama_1F38DAFA_1028_C242_4192_21CD355BCA91.label = Table case 03 - African Royalty
panorama_1ED385B8_1029_46CF_41AF_7FA237785B1C.label = Table case 04 - Ottoman and Persian Empires
panorama_1ED707AC_1029_C2C6_41A2_492A01607AD6.label = Table case 05 - Indian and South Pacific Islands
panorama_1F008057_1029_5E41_418D_3AD125803286.label = Table case 06 - East Asia
panorama_1F1D8DD4_1028_C646_41A6_64F488DF1CC5.label = Table case 07 - North American Indigenous Peoples
panorama_1F38C30B_102B_43C1_41A3_664A5644E28F.label = Table case 08 - Indigenous Peoples of the Iberian New World
panorama_39B11090_144E_7DDD_4129_B4FA8F86BB80.label = WALL01
panorama_38A02E81_144E_E5BC_41AF_1DB9A3490A31.label = WALL02
panorama_38AE99BF_144D_EFC3_415E_7478C13179BB.label = WALL03
panorama_3891D3EC_1443_E345_41A4_2737124F6389.label = WALL04
panorama_276D8415_0BFE_24C6_418F_3C7AE4470D89.label = West End
video_10E97F74_AFBB_1C9D_41E2_FD3562154B82.label = gallery video_full HD_updated
### Video
videolevel_54DB8725_17E1_D8C8_4194_984CAA444A22.url = media/video_10E97F74_AFBB_1C9D_41E2_FD3562154B82_en.mp4
videolevel_54DB8725_17E1_D8C8_4194_984CAA444A22.posterURL = media/video_10E97F74_AFBB_1C9D_41E2_FD3562154B82_poster_en.jpg
## Right Click Menu
### Text
TDVAuthor.label = Houghton Library ·
## Skin
### Button
Button_F077B9F8_B328_D3ED_41DD_ACE9C96CAAA2.label = BACK TO ENTRY
Button_F077B9F8_B328_D3ED_41DD_ACE9C96CAAA2_mobile.label = BACK TO ENTRY
Button_B4C5ACDB_A70B_3BC7_41B0_2E0A2EA1002A_mobile.label = CATALOG
Button_B4C5ACDB_A70B_3BC7_41B0_2E0A2EA1002A.label = CATALOG
Button_1FE4B611_0C0A_256F_418E_EA27E66F8360_mobile.label = FLOORPLAN
Button_1FE4B611_0C0A_256F_418E_EA27E66F8360.label = FLOORPLAN
Button_03D37B27_0C7A_63B3_41A1_89572D8C8762.label = INTRODUCTION
Button_03D37B27_0C7A_63B3_41A1_89572D8C8762_mobile.label = INTRODUCTION
Button_B8D93B29_8798_FAB6_41C8_3EC42576AD57.label = LET'S DIVE IN
Button_33E0F47E_11C1_A20D_419F_BB809AD89259.label = MORE INFO
Button_33E0F47E_11C1_A20D_419F_BB809AD89259_mobile.label = MORE INFO
Button_6B4F0AC2_7E9B_4881_41BB_28FBC3C38BA0.label = START
Button_6B4F0AC2_7E9B_4881_41BB_28FBC3C38BA0_mobile.label = START
Button_1EBF3282_0C0A_1D6D_4190_52FC7F8C00A5_mobile.label = VIDEO
Button_1EBF3282_0C0A_1D6D_4190_52FC7F8C00A5.label = VIDEO
Button_1FDDCF4A_0C0A_23FD_417A_1C14E098FDFD_mobile.label = VIEWS
Button_1FDDCF4A_0C0A_23FD_417A_1C14E098FDFD.label = VIEWS
### Image
Image_10E32026_0BC2_1CC5_41A7_3693EBA30458.url = skin/Image_10E32026_0BC2_1CC5_41A7_3693EBA30458_en.jpg
Image_10F03271_0BC6_1D5F_4194_167516D1D99F.url = skin/Image_10F03271_0BC6_1D5F_4194_167516D1D99F_en.jpg
Image_1119038B_0BC2_E3C3_4174_956E97890FAD.url = skin/Image_1119038B_0BC2_E3C3_4174_956E97890FAD_en.jpg
Image_112F8193_0BC2_1FC3_4195_3DB5002FFC68.url = skin/Image_112F8193_0BC2_1FC3_4195_3DB5002FFC68_en.jpg
Image_1150E3FC_0BCE_6345_419B_40FACEB8CADA.url = skin/Image_1150E3FC_0BCE_6345_419B_40FACEB8CADA_en.jpg
Image_115A97CC_0BC6_E345_4192_2A7A9CD81646.url = skin/Image_115A97CC_0BC6_E345_4192_2A7A9CD81646_en.jpg
Image_14A60E62_0BCE_257D_4184_C53BB73CBEFD.url = skin/Image_14A60E62_0BCE_257D_4184_C53BB73CBEFD_en.jpg
Image_17224A91_0BDE_6DDF_41A5_10BAE20DFE43.url = skin/Image_17224A91_0BDE_6DDF_41A5_10BAE20DFE43_en.jpg
Image_54F667F5_7EA8_099F_41DA_60654105FC2D.url = skin/Image_54F667F5_7EA8_099F_41DA_60654105FC2D_en.jpg
Image_54F667F5_7EA8_099F_41DA_60654105FC2D_mobile.url = skin/Image_54F667F5_7EA8_099F_41DA_60654105FC2D_mobile_en.jpg
Image_64BDCC20_7E98_3EB5_41DE_BF93134504E6.url = skin/Image_64BDCC20_7E98_3EB5_41DE_BF93134504E6_en.png
Image_64BDCC20_7E98_3EB5_41DE_BF93134504E6_mobile.url = skin/Image_64BDCC20_7E98_3EB5_41DE_BF93134504E6_mobile_en.png
Image_671ADEB0_7EA8_1B96_41D5_F03F38C0209B.url = skin/Image_671ADEB0_7EA8_1B96_41D5_F03F38C0209B_en.png
Image_671ADEB0_7EA8_1B96_41D5_F03F38C0209B_mobile.url = skin/Image_671ADEB0_7EA8_1B96_41D5_F03F38C0209B_mobile_en.png
Image_672C5C02_7E98_3E7A_41DB_61F844822482.url = skin/Image_672C5C02_7E98_3E7A_41DB_61F844822482_en.png
Image_672C5C02_7E98_3E7A_41DB_61F844822482_mobile.url = skin/Image_672C5C02_7E98_3E7A_41DB_61F844822482_mobile_en.png
Image_67FEAB14_7E98_1A9E_41C4_FD61B05B443D.url = skin/Image_67FEAB14_7E98_1A9E_41C4_FD61B05B443D_en.png
Image_67FEAB14_7E98_1A9E_41C4_FD61B05B443D_mobile.url = skin/Image_67FEAB14_7E98_1A9E_41C4_FD61B05B443D_mobile_en.png
Image_6AA3AE81_7E9C_C883_41D2_C3E6AD4340F1.url = skin/Image_6AA3AE81_7E9C_C883_41D2_C3E6AD4340F1_en.png
Image_6AA3AE81_7E9C_C883_41D2_C3E6AD4340F1_mobile.url = skin/Image_6AA3AE81_7E9C_C883_41D2_C3E6AD4340F1_mobile_en.png
Image_90A8C062_A4D5_2A25_41E3_CE971F537896_mobile.url = skin/Image_90A8C062_A4D5_2A25_41E3_CE971F537896_mobile_en.jpg
Image_9511127C_9B79_D2C1_41D8_D080B87BFD84.url = skin/Image_9511127C_9B79_D2C1_41D8_D080B87BFD84_en.png
Image_9511127C_9B79_D2C1_41D8_D080B87BFD84_mobile.url = skin/Image_9511127C_9B79_D2C1_41D8_D080B87BFD84_mobile_en.png
Image_9763610C_A477_6BFD_41E2_AD1A5A32D27B.url = skin/Image_9763610C_A477_6BFD_41E2_AD1A5A32D27B_en.jpg
Image_9763610C_A477_6BFD_41E2_AD1A5A32D27B_mobile.url = skin/Image_9763610C_A477_6BFD_41E2_AD1A5A32D27B_mobile_en.jpg
Image_97E0E69F_A4EB_161B_41B1_3298D388CB93_mobile.url = skin/Image_97E0E69F_A4EB_161B_41B1_3298D388CB93_mobile_en.jpg
Image_C480F694_ACD7_2D9D_41DA_42916BC44684.url = skin/Image_C480F694_ACD7_2D9D_41DA_42916BC44684_en.jpg
Image_C480F694_ACD7_2D9D_41DA_42916BC44684_mobile.url = skin/Image_C480F694_ACD7_2D9D_41DA_42916BC44684_mobile_en.jpg
Image_C48836A9_ACD7_2DB7_4171_3E2ADAB58C8A.url = skin/Image_C48836A9_ACD7_2DB7_4171_3E2ADAB58C8A_en.png
Image_C48836A9_ACD7_2DB7_4171_3E2ADAB58C8A_mobile.url = skin/Image_C48836A9_ACD7_2DB7_4171_3E2ADAB58C8A_mobile_en.png
Image_C5559700_ACD5_6C75_41E1_7D60A898B32C.url = skin/Image_C5559700_ACD5_6C75_41E1_7D60A898B32C_en.jpg
Image_C5559700_ACD5_6C75_41E1_7D60A898B32C_mobile.url = skin/Image_C5559700_ACD5_6C75_41E1_7D60A898B32C_mobile_en.jpg
Image_C6F30A39_ACD7_2497_41D6_F712BEE64E6B.url = skin/Image_C6F30A39_ACD7_2497_41D6_F712BEE64E6B_en.jpg
Image_C6F30A39_ACD7_2497_41D6_F712BEE64E6B_mobile.url = skin/Image_C6F30A39_ACD7_2497_41D6_F712BEE64E6B_mobile_en.jpg
Image_C6F96A4D_ACD7_248F_41A8_5A14B24026F3.url = skin/Image_C6F96A4D_ACD7_248F_41A8_5A14B24026F3_en.png
Image_CC277388_A454_E475_41D8_1FF079FC57DF.url = skin/Image_CC277388_A454_E475_41D8_1FF079FC57DF_en.png
Image_CC277388_A454_E475_41D8_1FF079FC57DF_mobile.url = skin/Image_CC277388_A454_E475_41D8_1FF079FC57DF_mobile_en.png
Image_CC2F6384_A454_E47D_41CF_661C7322E7EB.url = skin/Image_CC2F6384_A454_E47D_41CF_661C7322E7EB_en.jpg
Image_CC2F6384_A454_E47D_41CF_661C7322E7EB_mobile.url = skin/Image_CC2F6384_A454_E47D_41CF_661C7322E7EB_mobile_en.jpg
Image_CE813124_A4AF_24BD_41CB_9B2D6654DB9C.url = skin/Image_CE813124_A4AF_24BD_41CB_9B2D6654DB9C_en.png
Image_CE813124_A4AF_24BD_41CB_9B2D6654DB9C_mobile.url = skin/Image_CE813124_A4AF_24BD_41CB_9B2D6654DB9C_mobile_en.png
Image_CE8FE105_A4AF_247E_41B6_42C3BE24B3E7.url = skin/Image_CE8FE105_A4AF_247E_41B6_42C3BE24B3E7_en.jpg
Image_CE8FE105_A4AF_247E_41B6_42C3BE24B3E7_mobile.url = skin/Image_CE8FE105_A4AF_247E_41B6_42C3BE24B3E7_mobile_en.jpg
Image_E5DCF81B_B538_B023_41BE_F30B7C025061.url = skin/Image_E5DCF81B_B538_B023_41BE_F30B7C025061_en.jpg
Image_EA18B682_A5B7_16E5_41A5_5F249537453F.url = skin/Image_EA18B682_A5B7_16E5_41A5_5F249537453F_en.png
Image_EA18B682_A5B7_16E5_41A5_5F249537453F_mobile.url = skin/Image_EA18B682_A5B7_16E5_41A5_5F249537453F_mobile_en.png
Image_EB007092_A5BF_6AE5_41C2_F27EF21A867B.url = skin/Image_EB007092_A5BF_6AE5_41C2_F27EF21A867B_en.png
Image_EB007092_A5BF_6AE5_41C2_F27EF21A867B_mobile.url = skin/Image_EB007092_A5BF_6AE5_41C2_F27EF21A867B_mobile_en.png
Image_EB0FE402_A5B7_29E5_41D4_D66A6F4BEB2F.url = skin/Image_EB0FE402_A5B7_29E5_41D4_D66A6F4BEB2F_en.png
Image_EB0FE402_A5B7_29E5_41D4_D66A6F4BEB2F_mobile.url = skin/Image_EB0FE402_A5B7_29E5_41D4_D66A6F4BEB2F_mobile_en.png
Image_EB416271_A5B5_2E26_41DD_7AD7D58A0700.url = skin/Image_EB416271_A5B5_2E26_41DD_7AD7D58A0700_en.png
Image_EB416271_A5B5_2E26_41DD_7AD7D58A0700_mobile.url = skin/Image_EB416271_A5B5_2E26_41DD_7AD7D58A0700_mobile_en.png
Image_EB556D60_A5DB_1A26_41C8_526B501A24D4.url = skin/Image_EB556D60_A5DB_1A26_41C8_526B501A24D4_en.png
Image_EB556D60_A5DB_1A26_41C8_526B501A24D4_mobile.url = skin/Image_EB556D60_A5DB_1A26_41C8_526B501A24D4_mobile_en.png
Image_F059572E_A5EB_163D_41DB_D84315773DEA.url = skin/Image_F059572E_A5EB_163D_41DB_D84315773DEA_en.png
Image_F059572E_A5EB_163D_41DB_D84315773DEA_mobile.url = skin/Image_F059572E_A5EB_163D_41DB_D84315773DEA_mobile_en.png
Image_F1B2B8F7_A5F5_1A2A_41B4_7ED62FA575EA.url = skin/Image_F1B2B8F7_A5F5_1A2A_41B4_7ED62FA575EA_en.png
Image_F1B2B8F7_A5F5_1A2A_41B4_7ED62FA575EA_mobile.url = skin/Image_F1B2B8F7_A5F5_1A2A_41B4_7ED62FA575EA_mobile_en.png
Image_F41B949D_A917_4A43_41DD_28F58C9717FB.url = skin/Image_F41B949D_A917_4A43_41DD_28F58C9717FB_en.png
Image_F41B949D_A917_4A43_41DD_28F58C9717FB_mobile.url = skin/Image_F41B949D_A917_4A43_41DD_28F58C9717FB_mobile_en.png
Image_F4586E42_A5D5_3665_41D8_6D2F1F79F627.url = skin/Image_F4586E42_A5D5_3665_41D8_6D2F1F79F627_en.png
Image_F4586E42_A5D5_3665_41D8_6D2F1F79F627_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4586E42_A5D5_3665_41D8_6D2F1F79F627_mobile_en.png
Image_F4BBDCE9_A5ED_7A27_41D5_321B0513B23B.url = skin/Image_F4BBDCE9_A5ED_7A27_41D5_321B0513B23B_en.png
Image_F4BBDCE9_A5ED_7A27_41D5_321B0513B23B_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4BBDCE9_A5ED_7A27_41D5_321B0513B23B_mobile_en.png
Image_F4C3E588_A475_6AE5_41E2_34B351A0615E_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4C3E588_A475_6AE5_41E2_34B351A0615E_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4C3F589_A475_6AE7_41CA_48E0075FA8CC_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4C3F589_A475_6AE7_41CA_48E0075FA8CC_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4C561DF_A475_2A1B_41B3_994FA62549B5_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4C561DF_A475_2A1B_41B3_994FA62549B5_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4C581DF_A475_2A1B_41C8_8DB3D6C81262_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4C581DF_A475_2A1B_41C8_8DB3D6C81262_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4C5F0D5_A5DD_2A6E_41BF_71FD88869776.url = skin/Image_F4C5F0D5_A5DD_2A6E_41BF_71FD88869776_en.png
Image_F4C5F0D5_A5DD_2A6E_41BF_71FD88869776_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4C5F0D5_A5DD_2A6E_41BF_71FD88869776_mobile_en.png
Image_F4E2C758_A908_D6C1_41C5_A8A34D308097.url = skin/Image_F4E2C758_A908_D6C1_41C5_A8A34D308097_en.png
Image_F4E2C758_A908_D6C1_41C5_A8A34D308097_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4E2C758_A908_D6C1_41C5_A8A34D308097_mobile_en.png
Image_F4EA216E_A477_6A3D_41D8_7514444270C9_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4EA216E_A477_6A3D_41D8_7514444270C9_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4EAC5F7_A5BB_2A2A_41C4_C090FCD3C0EE.url = skin/Image_F4EAC5F7_A5BB_2A2A_41C4_C090FCD3C0EE_en.png
Image_F4EAC5F7_A5BB_2A2A_41C4_C090FCD3C0EE_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4EAC5F7_A5BB_2A2A_41C4_C090FCD3C0EE_mobile_en.png
Image_F4EB8697_A5EB_16EA_41B4_FFA883BDDD21.url = skin/Image_F4EB8697_A5EB_16EA_41B4_FFA883BDDD21_en.png
Image_F4EB8697_A5EB_16EA_41B4_FFA883BDDD21_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4EB8697_A5EB_16EA_41B4_FFA883BDDD21_mobile_en.png
Image_F4ED916F_A477_6A3B_41B6_8ED531C70E72_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4ED916F_A477_6A3B_41B6_8ED531C70E72_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4F11593_A477_6AEA_41D1_31BAD0F59AD2_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4F11593_A477_6AEA_41D1_31BAD0F59AD2_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4F12594_A477_6AEE_41D5_104020755CA6_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4F12594_A477_6AEE_41D5_104020755CA6_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F4F76355_A5D5_EE6F_41D5_9BFFF0AE92E4.url = skin/Image_F4F76355_A5D5_EE6F_41D5_9BFFF0AE92E4_en.png
Image_F4F76355_A5D5_EE6F_41D5_9BFFF0AE92E4_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4F76355_A5D5_EE6F_41D5_9BFFF0AE92E4_mobile_en.png
Image_F4FA1779_A5EB_7627_41DA_99516B4AAA38.url = skin/Image_F4FA1779_A5EB_7627_41DA_99516B4AAA38_en.png
Image_F4FA1779_A5EB_7627_41DA_99516B4AAA38_mobile.url = skin/Image_F4FA1779_A5EB_7627_41DA_99516B4AAA38_mobile_en.png
Image_F5BC0D4A_A5B5_1A65_41B4_F1E4B2BEAF1A.url = skin/Image_F5BC0D4A_A5B5_1A65_41B4_F1E4B2BEAF1A_en.png
Image_F5BC0D4A_A5B5_1A65_41B4_F1E4B2BEAF1A_mobile.url = skin/Image_F5BC0D4A_A5B5_1A65_41B4_F1E4B2BEAF1A_mobile_en.png
Image_F62B1AE8_A5DD_1E25_41C6_DEFE6F300FF5.url = skin/Image_F62B1AE8_A5DD_1E25_41C6_DEFE6F300FF5_en.png
Image_F62B1AE8_A5DD_1E25_41C6_DEFE6F300FF5_mobile.url = skin/Image_F62B1AE8_A5DD_1E25_41C6_DEFE6F300FF5_mobile_en.png
Image_F6316EB2_A5D5_1625_41E2_614BE87A0CDA.url = skin/Image_F6316EB2_A5D5_1625_41E2_614BE87A0CDA_en.png
Image_F6316EB2_A5D5_1625_41E2_614BE87A0CDA_mobile.url = skin/Image_F6316EB2_A5D5_1625_41E2_614BE87A0CDA_mobile_en.png
Image_F6347AFA_A5DD_1E25_41B4_A62511A07B97.url = skin/Image_F6347AFA_A5DD_1E25_41B4_A62511A07B97_en.png
Image_F6347AFA_A5DD_1E25_41B4_A62511A07B97_mobile.url = skin/Image_F6347AFA_A5DD_1E25_41B4_A62511A07B97_mobile_en.png
Image_F639B722_A5FB_162A_41E1_37EF3F5E7CA3.url = skin/Image_F639B722_A5FB_162A_41E1_37EF3F5E7CA3_en.png
Image_F639B722_A5FB_162A_41E1_37EF3F5E7CA3_mobile.url = skin/Image_F639B722_A5FB_162A_41E1_37EF3F5E7CA3_mobile_en.png
Image_F663C348_A5FF_6E65_41DF_5C6ECB52847D.url = skin/Image_F663C348_A5FF_6E65_41DF_5C6ECB52847D_en.png
Image_F663C348_A5FF_6E65_41DF_5C6ECB52847D_mobile.url = skin/Image_F663C348_A5FF_6E65_41DF_5C6ECB52847D_mobile_en.png
Image_F684AD73_A47B_1A2B_41DE_F67762B9293E_mobile.url = skin/Image_F684AD73_A47B_1A2B_41DE_F67762B9293E_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F684CD73_A47B_1A2B_41D4_A1E889D6A8E2_mobile.url = skin/Image_F684CD73_A47B_1A2B_41D4_A1E889D6A8E2_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F69D334D_A5DD_6E7E_41DB_04B85F262E83.url = skin/Image_F69D334D_A5DD_6E7E_41DB_04B85F262E83_en.png
Image_F7039759_A5DD_1666_41D2_7B32E155F9F5.url = skin/Image_F7039759_A5DD_1666_41D2_7B32E155F9F5_en.png
Image_F7039759_A5DD_1666_41D2_7B32E155F9F5_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7039759_A5DD_1666_41D2_7B32E155F9F5_mobile_en.png
Image_F78A9F75_A5F7_162F_41B9_85D1629D45E0.url = skin/Image_F78A9F75_A5F7_162F_41B9_85D1629D45E0_en.png
Image_F78A9F75_A5F7_162F_41B9_85D1629D45E0_mobile.url = skin/Image_F78A9F75_A5F7_162F_41B9_85D1629D45E0_mobile_en.png
Image_F79BB7B0_A5F5_1625_41E2_E0076D89F459.url = skin/Image_F79BB7B0_A5F5_1625_41E2_E0076D89F459_en.jpg
Image_F79BB7B0_A5F5_1625_41E2_E0076D89F459_mobile.url = skin/Image_F79BB7B0_A5F5_1625_41E2_E0076D89F459_mobile_en.jpg
Image_F7B3BD62_A5DD_7A25_41CF_0F1ED5994C3B.url = skin/Image_F7B3BD62_A5DD_7A25_41CF_0F1ED5994C3B_en.png
Image_F7B3BD62_A5DD_7A25_41CF_0F1ED5994C3B_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7B3BD62_A5DD_7A25_41CF_0F1ED5994C3B_mobile_en.png
Image_F7B85D7E_A5DD_7A1A_41E1_0E07A5EC355A.url = skin/Image_F7B85D7E_A5DD_7A1A_41E1_0E07A5EC355A_en.png
Image_F7B85D7E_A5DD_7A1A_41E1_0E07A5EC355A_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7B85D7E_A5DD_7A1A_41E1_0E07A5EC355A_mobile_en.png
Image_F7B9A9D2_A5FD_1A65_41E0_1C715F0C5D72.url = skin/Image_F7B9A9D2_A5FD_1A65_41E0_1C715F0C5D72_en.png
Image_F7B9A9D2_A5FD_1A65_41E0_1C715F0C5D72_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7B9A9D2_A5FD_1A65_41E0_1C715F0C5D72_mobile_en.png
Image_F7CA4AC4_A5AB_1E6E_41DD_AF8FC4670E41.url = skin/Image_F7CA4AC4_A5AB_1E6E_41DD_AF8FC4670E41_en.png
Image_F7CA4AC4_A5AB_1E6E_41DD_AF8FC4670E41_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7CA4AC4_A5AB_1E6E_41DD_AF8FC4670E41_mobile_en.png
Image_F7CADC53_A5F5_FA6B_41E1_42DF7CD8175F.url = skin/Image_F7CADC53_A5F5_FA6B_41E1_42DF7CD8175F_en.png
Image_F7CADC53_A5F5_FA6B_41E1_42DF7CD8175F_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7CADC53_A5F5_FA6B_41E1_42DF7CD8175F_mobile_en.png
Image_F7CD9088_A5FF_2AE5_41D3_21631B14BCF8.url = skin/Image_F7CD9088_A5FF_2AE5_41D3_21631B14BCF8_en.png
Image_F7CD9088_A5FF_2AE5_41D3_21631B14BCF8_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7CD9088_A5FF_2AE5_41D3_21631B14BCF8_mobile_en.png
Image_F7ED201C_A5EB_6A1D_41E4_8A5A4B22BEC0.url = skin/Image_F7ED201C_A5EB_6A1D_41E4_8A5A4B22BEC0_en.png
Image_F7ED201C_A5EB_6A1D_41E4_8A5A4B22BEC0_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7ED201C_A5EB_6A1D_41E4_8A5A4B22BEC0_mobile_en.png
Image_F7FB7EC8_A5F5_1665_41A8_1FE77FD91E8A.url = skin/Image_F7FB7EC8_A5F5_1665_41A8_1FE77FD91E8A_en.png
Image_F7FB7EC8_A5F5_1665_41A8_1FE77FD91E8A_mobile.url = skin/Image_F7FB7EC8_A5F5_1665_41A8_1FE77FD91E8A_mobile_en.png
Image_F8824E37_A5DC_F62B_41DD_FC351CE8A0B4.url = skin/Image_F8824E37_A5DC_F62B_41DD_FC351CE8A0B4_en.png
Image_F8824E37_A5DC_F62B_41DD_FC351CE8A0B4_mobile.url = skin/Image_F8824E37_A5DC_F62B_41DD_FC351CE8A0B4_mobile_en.png
Image_F8B8AE26_A5DC_F62D_41D2_257E73EE0AD6.url = skin/Image_F8B8AE26_A5DC_F62D_41D2_257E73EE0AD6_en.png
Image_F8B8AE26_A5DC_F62D_41D2_257E73EE0AD6_mobile.url = skin/Image_F8B8AE26_A5DC_F62D_41D2_257E73EE0AD6_mobile_en.png
Image_FB19385D_A90B_FAC3_41E1_B358A95370CC.url = skin/Image_FB19385D_A90B_FAC3_41E1_B358A95370CC_en.png
Image_FB19385D_A90B_FAC3_41E1_B358A95370CC_mobile.url = skin/Image_FB19385D_A90B_FAC3_41E1_B358A95370CC_mobile_en.png
Image_FB2E674E_A908_D6C1_41C4_89ADB868A3E6.url = skin/Image_FB2E674E_A908_D6C1_41C4_89ADB868A3E6_en.png
Image_FB2E674E_A908_D6C1_41C4_89ADB868A3E6_mobile.url = skin/Image_FB2E674E_A908_D6C1_41C4_89ADB868A3E6_mobile_en.png
Image_FB5A1883_A47D_3AEB_41E3_C480DFB2066E_mobile.url = skin/Image_FB5A1883_A47D_3AEB_41E3_C480DFB2066E_mobile_en.jpg
Image_FB5AB884_A47D_3AED_41E0_24E37713A7FD_mobile.url = skin/Image_FB5AB884_A47D_3AED_41E0_24E37713A7FD_mobile_en.jpg
Image_FBAFAD65_A908_DAC3_41A5_A5DD57A18CE8.url = skin/Image_FBAFAD65_A908_DAC3_41A5_A5DD57A18CE8_en.png
Image_FBAFAD65_A908_DAC3_41A5_A5DD57A18CE8_mobile.url = skin/Image_FBAFAD65_A908_DAC3_41A5_A5DD57A18CE8_mobile_en.png
### Multiline Text
HTMLText_6C57B463_7EA8_0EBA_41CB_B8A97EE9B286.html = This exhibition was curated by John Overholt, Curator of the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson and of Early Books and Manuscripts.
This exhibition was curated by John Overholt, Curator of the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson and of Early Books and Manuscripts.
Face to Face
Portraits of People of Color Before Photography
Face to Face
Portraits of People of Color Before Photography
Why do we tell stories to children through and about animals? Are there reasons why we shouldn’t? Animals Are Us explores these questions and more through influential historic examples of anthropomorphism in dialogue with contemporary books drawn from the collection of Peter J. Solomon (Harvard College Class of 1960, MBA 1963) and the holdings of Houghton Library. The exhibition invites you to engage critically with animal anthropomorphism and delight in the artfulness of this enduring literary genre.
Highlights include:
• Original drawings for book illustrations, manuscripts and letters by Beatrix Potter, Edward Lear, John Tenniel, Lewis Carroll, Jean de Brunhoff, Garth Williams, Maurice Sendak, and Nancy Ekholm Burkert.
• The suppressed 1865 edition of Alice in Wonderland and Lewis Carroll's pocket watch that evokes the one consulted by the March Hare.
• Contemporary children's books by Ashley Bryan, Brenda Child, Lulu Delacre, Julie Flett, Jessica Love, Jerry Pinkney, and Dan Santat.
Humans as a species are drawn to faces, and that gives portraits a special power. The lives of people from other lands, cultures, and centuries can easily seem remote and inaccessible. Portraits have the ability to collapse those distances, and bring us into a more intimate dialogue with the past. Houghton’s collections derive from several hundred years of Harvard libraries amassing works primarily produced in Europe and European colonies, but they nevertheless contain materials that can tell far broader stories.
Books by writers of European descent that weave a biased narrative about the rest of the world are common enough in the early modern period, but their illustrations tell a clearer story about their authors’ and readers’ priorities. They most often focus on showing the economically exploitable resources unique to the region they describe, or maps of how to reach them. If these books include a portrait, it is likeliest to be the author’s. If they include images of indigenous people, they usually have a generic caption such as “A native of [location]” or “Man of [tribe].”
Rarest of all is a portrait of a person of color who is specifically identifiable, and those on display in this exhibition likewise tell a story about who rose to that level of attention: most commonly, rulers, rebels, and religious converts. We invite you to come face to face with these people and hear their stories, stories sometimes neglected in institutions like Houghton, but no less important.
Humans as a species are drawn to faces, and that gives portraits a special power. The lives of people from other lands, cultures, and centuries can easily seem remote and inaccessible. Portraits have the ability to collapse those distances, and bring us into a more intimate dialogue with the past. Houghton’s collections derive from several hundred years of Harvard libraries amassing works primarily produced in Europe and European colonies, but they nevertheless contain materials that can tell far broader stories.
Books by writers of European descent that weave a biased narrative about the rest of the world are common enough in the early modern period, but their illustrations tell a clearer story about their authors’ and readers’ priorities. They most often focus on showing the economically exploitable resources unique to the region they describe, or maps of how to reach them. If these books include a portrait, it is likeliest to be the author’s. If they include images of indigenous people, they usually have a generic caption such as “A native of [location]” or “Man of [tribe].”
Rarest of all is a portrait of a person of color who is specifically identifiable, and those on display in this exhibition likewise tell a story about who rose to that level of attention: most commonly, rulers, rebels, and religious converts. We invite you to come face to face with these people and hear their stories, stories sometimes neglected in institutions like Houghton, but no less important.
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Agung, Sultan of Mataram, 1591–1646
Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, 1616–1644. Des Hoch Edelgebornen Johan Albrechts von Mandelslo Morgenländische Reyse-Beschreibung. Schleszwig: Johan Holwein, 1658.
Agung, who ruled the kingdom of Mataram on the island of Java (now part of Indonesia) in the first half of the 17th century, is remembered for expanding and consolidating his kingdom in resistance to the Dutch colonization of Java. Although his efforts to completely drive the Dutch from the island failed due to the naval power of the Dutch East India Company, Sultan Agung was recognized as a National Hero of Indonesia in 1975.
Typ 620.54.763 (B) | Gift of Philip Hofer, 1973
Alice of Dunk’s Ferry, about 1686–1802
Eccentric Biography, or, Memoirs of Remarkable Female Characters, Ancient and Modern. Worcester, MA: Isaiah Thomas, 1805.
Alice spent nearly her entire life, which is believed to have stretched for more than a century, enslaved in and near Philadelphia. For decades, Alice collected tolls on behalf of her enslaver at a Delaware River crossing by day, and according to some accounts, helped escaping slaves cross the river by night. Hers is the first in this anthology of biographies of notable women, compiled by Isaiah Thomas just after her death.
EC8.A100.801eca | Gift of Samuel Abbott Green, 1891
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, 1701–1773
William Ansah Sessarakoo, about 1736–1770
“Two African Princes.” The Gentleman’s Magazine. London: Edward Cave, 1750.
Diallo and Sessarakoo are paired here because of the many similarities in their lives. Both were born into important African families in Gambia and Ghana, respectively, were captured and enslaved in North America, later escaped to England, and finally returned to Africa. One difference between them is evident in these portraits. Diallo is dressed in an African robe and turban, with a copy of the Quran around his neck, while Sessarakoo is depicted in high fashion British attire.
2003J-SJ950 | Bequest of Mary Hyde, Viscountess Eccles, 2003
Callicum and Maquinna, Mowachaht tribe
John Meares, 1765?–1809. Voyages Made in the Years 1788 and 1789, from China to the North West Coast of America. London: Logographic Press, 1790.
Maquinna was the chief of the Mowachaht of Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island at a time when colonial powers were racing to establish a foothold in the Pacific Northwest. In 1789, a Spanish naval outpost on the island seized several British fur trading ships and nearly brought the two countries to war. Callicum, Maquinna’s brother, was killed by Spanish troops while protesting the seizure. A 1795 treaty between Spain and Britain led to both countries abandoning Nootka Sound and the Mowachaht reclaiming the land shortly before Maquinna’s death.
EC75.M4632.790v | Bequest of Joseph T. Tower, Jr., 1933
Cunhambebe, died 1555, Tamoyo Confederation
André Thevet, 1502–1590. Les Vrais Pourtraits et Vies des Hommes Illvustres. Paris: Widow of Jacques Kerver and Guillaume Chaudière, 1584.
The French priest, scientist, and explorer André Thevet took on the task of producing this massive compilation of biographies of famous men as a modern version of the classical Lives of Plutarch. Drawing on his own travels to South America, Thevet profiled several indigenous figures, including Cunhambebe (also known as Quoniambec), the leader of an inter-tribal alliance on the Brazilian coast that resisted Portuguese colonization and enslavement, ultimately unsuccessfully.
Typ 515.84.831 | Friends of the Library Fund, 1948
Francis Barber, about 1742–1801
Portrait of Francis Barber, late 18th century. Artist unknown, sometimes attributed to Richard Cosway; after a portrait by Joshua Reynolds.
Francis Barber was born into slavery in Jamaica and brought to England by his enslaver, Richard Bathurst. At the age of ten, he was installed in the author Samuel Johnson’s household as a valet. Formally emancipated by Bathurst’s will in 1754, Barber would spend most of the next thirty years with Johnson. In 1773, Barber married Elizabeth Ball, a white Englishwoman. Upon Johnson’s death in 1784, the family moved to Johnson’s hometown of Lichfield, where Barber operated a nearby village school until his death in 1801. The first biography of Barber was published by scholar Michael Bundock in 2015.
MS Eng 1347 | Gift of Arthur A. Houghton, 1982.
Ignatius Sancho, 1729–1780
Ignatius Sancho, 1729-1780. Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, an African. London: J. Nichols, 1782.
Sancho spent most of his childhood enslaved by a family in London, escaping at the age of 20 to the household of the late Duke of Montagu, who had encouraged his education. At the duchess’ death in 1751, she left Sancho an annuity of £30 a year. Sancho eventually left the Montagu household to open his own grocery shop. As a male property owner, he became the first known Black man to vote in a British election. This engraving is drawn from the painting of Sancho made by the high society painter Thomas Gainsborough at the same time he painted the Duchess of Montagu.
EC75.Sa555.782l | Friends of the Library Fund, 1930
Jacobus Elisa Joannes Capitein, 1717–1747
Jacobus Elisa Joannes Capitein, 1717-1747. Staatkundig-Godgeleerd Onderzoekschrift over de Slaverny, als Niet Strydig Tegen de Christelyke Vryheid. Leyden: Philip Bonk, 1742
At the age of eight, the enslaved Capitein was given as a gift to a Dutch West India Company captain, who gave him his European name. Emancipated by virtue of the captain’s return to Holland, where slavery was illegal, Capitein was baptized a Christian and attended the University of Leiden, earning a doctorate in theology. He returned as a missionary to his native Ghana and established a school and orphanage.
Harvard Divinity School Library K61.1 C244sedu 1742
Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges, 1745–1799
William Ward, 1766–1826. "Monsieur de St George". London: Bradshaw, April 4th 1788.
Born in the French colony of Guadeloupe to a wealthy plantation owner and a Senegalese woman enslaved to the owner’s wife, Bologne was sent to France by his father to be educated. He became a champion fencer, a virtuoso violinist, and the first classical composer of African descent. During the French Revolution, he led an all-Black legion in defense of the Republic.
FB7.Sa232.P788w | Endowment Fund for the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection, 2016
Joseph Chatoyer, died 1795
Bryan Edwards, 1743-1800. An Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo. London: J. Stockdale, 1801.
Chatoyer was a leader among the Garifuna, a people of African and indigenous descent on the island of St. Vincent. He led two major revolts against British colonial rule, known as the First (1773) and Second (1795) Carib Wars. Chatoyer was also the subject of the first play written by an African American, The Drama of King Shotaway by William Alexander Brown, produced at the African Grove Theatre in New York in 1823. In 2002, Chatotyer was named a national hero of St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
SA 2151.7.2 | Bright Legacy Fund, 1910
Kallie, a Woman of Greenland
Sir John Ross, 1777–1856. A Voyage of Discovery, Made under the Orders of the Admiralty, in His Majesty's Ships Isabella and Alexander, for the Purpose of Exploring Baffin’s Bay... London: J. Murray, 1819.
Kallie is known to us only through John Ross’s account of an 1818 British expedition seeking the Northwest Passage. While trading with the Inuit inhabitants of Upernivik Island, he invited several on board his ship. Ross writes, “We soon became intimate with our visitors, and invited them into the cabin, where they were treated with coffee and biscuit, and their portraits taken” by Lieutenant Henry Hoppner, an accomplished artist. The caption to the portrait is the only mention of Kallie’s name in the text.
EC8.R7336.819v (A) | Bequest of Joseph T. Tower, Jr., 1933
Kateri Tekakwitha, 1656–1680
Claude-Charles Le Roy Bacqueville de La Potherie, 1668–1738. Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale. Paris: Jean-Luc Nion and François Didot, 1772.
Born in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon in present-day New York, Tekakwitha converted to Christianity at the age of 19. She moved to a Jesuit mission near Montreal in 1677, where she took a vow of chastity. She practiced self-mortification and asceticism with an intensity that may have further imperiled her already fragile health, and she died at age 24. In 2012, she became the first Native American to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church.
FC7.B1387.716nba | Gift supplementing the collection of Joseph T. Tower, Jr., 1933
Kwasimukamba, 1692–1787
John Gabriel Stedman, 1744–1797. Narrative, of a Five Years' Expedition, against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam. London: J. Johnson, 1796.
Also known as Graman Quassi, Kwasimukamba was enslaved as a child in Ghana and spent the remainder of his life in the Dutch colony of Suriname. He gained renown as a healer, particularly for his discovery of the medicinal properties of a bitter bark. In recognition of his providing the first botanical description of this plant, taxonomist Carl Linneaeus named it Quassia amara. It continues to be used today as a food additive and in traditional medicine.
Typ 705.96.808 | Gift of Philip Hofer, 1963
Leonard Parkinson
Bryan Edwards, 1743-1800. Proceedings of the Governor and Assembly of Jamaica in Regard to the Maroon Negroes. London: John Stockdale, 1796.
Parkinson was a leader of the Maroons, people of African descent who escaped British enslavement to create communities in the interior of Jamaica, existing in an uneasy truce with colonial forces. In 1796, the Maroons launched a rebellion. Though outnumbered ten to one, the Maroons’ guerilla tactics and favorable terrain enabled them to fight the British to a stalemate. In a breach of the treaty that ended the war, hundreds of Maroons were forcibly transported to Nova Scotia, where they spent four unhappy years before petitioning for relocation to Sierra Leone.
SA 2217.98 | Subscription Fund, 1875
Mai, 1751–1779
Francesco Bartolozzi, 1727–1815. “Omai a native of Utaietea,” engraving after a drawing by Nathaniel Dance. London, 1744
As the first Polynesian to visit Britain, Mai made a considerable public impression. In addition to inspiring a blockbuster play (very loosely) based on his travels mounted at the Theatre Royal in Covent Garden, Mai sat for two of the leading English portraitists of the period, Joshua Reynolds and Nathaniel Dance. The stool Mai holds in this image survives today in the Musée de Tahiti et des Îles. (See the case on Indian and South Pacific Islands for more on Mai’s life.)
MS Hyde 100 | Bequest of Mary Hyde Eccles, 2003.
Mai, 1751–1779
Guillaume-André-René Baston, 1741–1825. Narrations d'Omaï, Insulaire de la Mer du Sud. Rouen: Le Boucher, 1790.
Mai was born on the island of Ra‘iatea, but driven by war to seek refuge in Tahiti. After meeting Captain James Cook on his second voyage around the world, Mai joined the expedition and became the first Polynesian to visit Britain. During his two-year stay, Mai lived with the prominent naturalist Sir Joseph Banks, who introduced him to figures like Samuel Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and George III. He returned to Polynesia on Cook’s third voyage in 1776, on both trips providing crucial assistance to Cook in his interaction with Pacific Islanders.
2021-10 | Endowment Fund for the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection, 2020.
Mehmed IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1693
Sir Paul Rycaut, 1628–1700. The History of the Turkish Empire from the Year 1623 to the Year 1677. London: John Starkey, 1680.
After his father was deposed in a coup, Mehmed IV became Sultan at the age of six. He would go on to reign for nearly 40 years, at a time when the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent, from the outskirts of Vienna to the Persian Gulf. Though himself the subject of a coup in 1687, he was able to live out the rest of his life in Istanbul’s Topkapi Palace.
Ott 150.13 | Donation Fund of MDCCCXLII, 1848.
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Mico Chlucco, chief of the Seminoles
William Bartram, 1739–1823. Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy. Philadelphia: James & Johnson, 1791.
The frontispiece to William Bartram’s account of his travels through the Southeast in 1773-75 is the first printed portrait of a Seminole. Bartram was commissioned by the London physician John Fothergill, like Bartram, a Quaker, to undertake a botanical expedition of the region. Bartram describes meeting Mico Chlucco as he is preparing for battle against the Choctaw and purchasing supplies from a colonial trading post. The Seminoles dub Bartram “Puc-Puggy,” the Flower Hunter.
*AC7.B2861.791t | Gift of Israel Thorndike, 1818
Moctezuma II, about 1466–1520
Francesco Saverio Clavigero, 1731–1787. The History of Mexico. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1817.
The confrontation between Aztec leader Moctezuma and Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés marks a crucial moment in the history of European colonization of the Americas. Moctezuma had greatly expanded the Aztec Empire in the preceding decades, and the Spanish formed alliances with the tribes he subjugated to bring about the collapse of the empire. Though repulsed in their first expedition to the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma’s death in the conflict and a smallpox epidemic enabled the Spanish to conquer Tenochtitlan the following year.
SA 3341.13.5 | Charles Elliott Perkins Memorial Collection, 1914
Nādir Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1688–1747
James Fraser, 1713-1754. The History of Nadir Shah, Formerly Called Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present Emperor of Persia. London: W. Strahan, 1742.
Seizing power in the waning days of the Safavid Dynasty, Nādir proved himself an able military leader. With successful campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, and Russia, he greatly expanded his empire and founded the Afsharid Dynasty, which would rule Iran until 1796. Ultimately, his drive for conquest would prove his undoing; he was assassinated by his own troops in 1747.
Asia 2275.6.2 | Gift of John Hancock, 1767
Nzinga, Queen of Matamba, 1582–1663
Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, died 1692 Istorica descrittione de’ Tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola. Milan: Agnelli, 1690.
Queen Nzinga ruled over an area of what is today Angola during a period of increasing Portuguese colonization driven by transatlantic slave trade. Caught between hostile neighboring kingdoms and the Europeans, she maintained independence through a series of shifting alliances both with and against the Portuguese. This portrait depicts a famous incident: during negotiations, the Portuguese governor refused to offer her a chair; rather than accept the insult of sitting on the floor, she had a servant kneel down so she could sit on his back.
Afr 7015.2.2 | Gift of John B. Stetson, Jr,, 1928
Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797
Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797. Olaudah Equiano's oder Gustav Wasa's, des Afrikaners merkwürdige Lebensgeschichte. Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich, 1792.
Kidnapped from Benin at the age of 11 and transported to Virginia, Equiano was renamed by his enslaver “Gustavus Vassa” after a 16th-century Swedish king. Despite his enslavement, Equiano was able to become literate and eventually earned enough money to purchase his freedom. He became an early and powerful advocate for the abolition of slavery, and published a much-reprinted autobiography (here in German translation) under his birth name in 1789.
GC8.B4343.792e | Hermon Dunlap Smith Fund, 1999
Ouäroyïo of the Tupinamba, born about 1592.
Claude d'Abbeville, pére, died 1632. Histoire de la Mission des Peres Capucins en l’Isle de Maragnan. Paris: F. Huby, 1614.
The Capuchin missionary Claude d’Abbeville was part of a short-lived French colony on Maranhão Island in Portuguese-controlled Brazil. In 1613 he returned to Paris with six men from the local Tupinamba tribe. Ouäroyïo, one of the three Tupinamba to survive the trip, was baptized under the name Louis Henri in a ceremony before King Louis XIII, a spectacle intended to raise interest in and funds for the colony. It was nevertheless conquered by the Portuguese in 1615.
SA 6132.3 | Unknown source, 1830
Pacanne, chief of the Miami, about 1737–1816
Henry Hamilton, died 1796. “Pecan, a Native American chief of the Miami tribe.” From the Henry Hamilton drawings of North American scenes and Native Americans, circa 1769-1784.
Pacanne met British Lt. Governor Henry Hamilton, the creator of this portrait, when the two allied against the Americans in the Revolutionary War, capturing Fort Vincennes in what is now Indiana in 1778. After the British defeat, Pacanne often served as an emissary between the United States and the Miami Confederation in the hope of improved relations, but increasing U.S. encroachment led him to ally with the British once again in the War of 1812.
MS Eng 509.2 | Gift of Caroline Isabella Hamilton Rice, 1902
Phillis Wheatley Peters, about 1753–1784
Phillis Wheatley, 1753–1784. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. London: A. Bell, 1773.
Named initially for the slave ship that brought her from West Africa and the Boston family who enslaved her, Peters was tutored by the Wheatley’s daughter Mary and encouraged to pursue the talent for poetry she demonstrated at a young age; one of her earliest poems, written at age 14, is addressed to the students of Harvard. The Wheatleys emancipated Phillis after the publication of this volume in 1773. She married a Black grocer named John Peters and went by that name until her death.
AC85.Aℓ245.Zy773w | Gift of Talbot Aldrich, 1919
Pōmare I, King of Tahiti, 1744–1803
James Cook, 1728–1779. A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1779.
Pōmare encountered two of the most notable British captains to travel to the South Pacific. On James Cook’s second voyage in 1773, the two met several times and the expedition’s artist, William Hodges, made this portrait from life. In 1788, Captain William Bligh and the crew of the HMS Bounty spent five months in Tahiti collecting breadfruit trees. After their famous mutiny, the crew of the Bounty returned to Tahiti and lived under Pōmare’s protection before settling on Pitcairn Island.
Oc 127.72.3 | Gift of John Gardiner, 1782
Qianlong, Emperor of China, 1711–1799
Sir George Staunton, 1737–1801. An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. London: G. Nicol, 1797.
The six decade reign of the Qianlong Emperor represents a high water mark of the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 until 1911. It was a period of major expansion of the imperial borders through military conquest, and made China the world’s wealthiest and most populous nation. The Emperor was a voracious collector of art, a calligrapher, and a prolific writer, composing some 40,000 poems. Though he formally abdicated in 1796, he retained de facto control until his death.
Ch 187.92.5 | Gift of Helen O. Brice and John Francis Brice, 1927
Rajasimha II, King of Kandy, 1608–1687
Robert Knox, 1640?–1720. An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, in the East-Indies. London: Richard Chiswell, 1681.
The reign of Rajasimha II is emblematic of the predicament of many victims of European colonization. In allying himself with the Dutch to drive out the Portuguese occupation of what is now Sri Lanka, he found his kingdom instead the subject of a new set of colonizers. Knox, the author of this account, was a British East India Company captain shipwrecked on Ceylon and held there by Rajasimha for nearly two decades.
Ind 2756.81 | Undated acquisition
Shang Pung Fwee, Prince of Ryukyu
Basil Hall, 1788–1844. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island. London: John Murray, 1818.
Though captioned here only as “The Prince of Loo-Choo,” British naval officer Basil Hall mentions Shang Pung Fwee by name in his description of their 1816 meeting during an expedition to what are now called the Ryukyu Islands, then a dominion of Imperial China, today part of Japan’s Okinawa Prefecture. Hall describes showing the Prince a picture of his own sovereign, George III. In the absence of an interpreter, the British sailors communicated the monarch’s status by bowing deeply to his portrait.
Typ 805 18.4473 | Bequest of Charles H. Taylor, 1948
Six Ottoman Emperors
Dimitrie Cantemir, Voivode of Moldavia, 1673–1723. The History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman Empir. London: J. J., and P. Knapton, 1734-35.
These portraits were created to illustrate the most influential 18th century account of Ottoman history. Cantemir’s failed attempt to break Moldavia away from the Ottoman Empire and into an alliance with Russia led to his deposition and exile. He spent the next six years composing his history of the empire, the manuscript of which is held at Houghton. Though the work emphasizes a narrative of decline, the Ottoman Empire would survive Cantemir by two centuries.
EC7 T4922 734c (B) | Archibald Cary Coolidge Fund, 1901
Ṣafī, Shah of Iran, 1611–1642
Adam Olearius, 1603–1671. Auszführliche Beschreibung der kundbaren Reyse nach Muscow und Persien. Schleszwig: Johan Holwein, 1663.
Shah Ṣafī took power in Safavid Iran at the height of the empire’s extent and his rule is associated with the beginning of its decline. Just 18 years old at his accession, he consolidated power ruthlessly, ordering the execution of any rivals to the throne. He took more interest in alcohol and opium than governance, and according to one contemporary account died in a drinking contest, at the age of 31.
Typ 620.63.645 | Bequest of Philip Hofer, 1984
Toussaint Louverture, 1743–1803
Marcus Rainsford. An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti. London: J. Cundee, 1805.
Under the adopted surname that celebrated his skill at breaking open enemy defenses, Louverture led a revolt against the French and Spanish occupiers of Hispaniola and became an iconic figure of Black rebellion against European enslavement and colonization. Louverture was captured by Napoleonic forces and deported, dying in a French prison in 1803, but the following year the rebellion succeeded in finally expelling the French and establishing an independent Haiti.
SA 2151.10.5 | Bequest of William Prescott, 1845
William Lee, about 1750–1810
James Armistead Lafayette, about 1760–1832
Valentine Green, 1739–1813. “General Washington,” engraving after a painting by John Trumbull. London: V. Green, 1781.
Noël Le Mire, 1724–1801. “Conclusion de la Campagne de 1781 en Virginie,” engraving after a painting by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon. Paris: Le Mire, 1780.
These parallel compositions literally marginalize two men who played important roles in American independence. Lee, an enslaved man purchased by George Washington in 1768, served throughout the Revolutionary War at Washington’s side in camp and in battle, and was known for his skilled horsemanship. James Armistead was given permission by his enslaver to join the legions commanded by the Marquis de Lafayette. At Lafayette’s direction, Armistead, acting as a double agent, infiltrated the British troops led by Benedict Arnold, providing Lafayette and Washington with crucial intelligence. After the war, Lafayette provided vital support for Armistead’s emancipation, and he took Lafayette’s name in tribute.
Lee portrait: MS Am 2248 | Gift of W.B.O. Field, 1949.
Armistead portrait: Portrait file | Undated acquisition
Xu Gandida, 1607–1680
Philippe Couplet, 1623–1692. Histoire d'une Dame Chrétienne de la Chine. Paris: Estienne Michallet 1688.
Born on the feast day of St. Candida, Xu Gandida, granddaughter of Xu Guangqi (also depicted in this case), was widowed at age 46 and devoted the last quarter-century of her life to promoting the spread of Christianity in China. She raised funds to build churches and support missionaries from the proceeds of her family’s silk farming and weaving business. She also financed the printing of more than 125 Christian devotional works in Chinese.
Ch 62.1 | Harold Jefferson Coolidge Fund, 1901
Xu Guangqi, 1562–1633
Athanasius Kircher, 1602–1680. China Monumentis, qua Sacris qua Profanis. Amsterdam: Jan Jansson, 1667.
In an image symbolic of the meeting of the Chinese and European scientific traditions, Xu Guangqi (at right) stands alongside the Jesuit missionary and scientist Matteo Ricci. In addition to his writings on agriculture and military tactics, Xu collaborated with Ricci to translate Euclid’s Elements into Chinese. Xu converted to Catholicism in 1603, taking the baptismal name Paul, and becoming the patriarch of one of the first and most important families of Chinese Catholics.
Typ 632.67.486 | Harold Jefferson Coolidge Fund, 1901
Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi, about 1670–1732
“Mehemet Effendi.” Paris : G. Landry, [1721?]
While serving as the chief accountant to Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III, Mehmet Çelebi undertook an ambassadorial mission to the court of Louis XV of France, spending nearly a year in Paris. His account of that mission remains an important text for understanding Ottoman impressions of the cultural exchange that occurred during this period. The image exhibited here is known as a “dressed print,” in which fabrics are added to an engraving to illustrate the subject’s clothing.
2020-1152 | Endowment Fund for the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection, 2019
Álvaro VI, King of Kongo, died 1641
Recueil d'Estampes, Représentant les Grades, les Rangs & les Dignités. Paris: Pierre Duflos, 1780
Although Álvaro VI only ruled Kongo for a few years, he was significant enough to European interests to be depicted because of the role he played between competing Portuguese and Dutch colonial forces on the Western coast of Africa. A contemporary image shows Dutch emissaries kneeling before his throne seeking an alliance, but ultimately Álvaro expelled them. He may have been poisoned by his pro-Dutch brother, who succeeded him as Garcia II.
2022H-16 | Philip Hofer Charitable Trust, 2021
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Agung, Sultan of Mataram, 1591–1646
Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, 1616–1644. Des Hoch Edelgebornen Johan Albrechts von Mandelslo Morgenländische Reyse-Beschreibung. Schleszwig: Johan Holwein, 1658.
Agung, who ruled the kingdom of Mataram on the island of Java (now part of Indonesia) in the first half of the 17th century, is remembered for expanding and consolidating his kingdom in resistance to the Dutch colonization of Java. Although his efforts to completely drive the Dutch from the island failed due to the naval power of the Dutch East India Company, Sultan Agung was recognized as a National Hero of Indonesia in 1975.
Typ 620.54.763 (B) | Gift of Philip Hofer, 1973
Alice of Dunk’s Ferry, about 1686–1802
Eccentric Biography, or, Memoirs of Remarkable Female Characters, Ancient and Modern. Worcester, MA: Isaiah Thomas, 1805.
Alice spent nearly her entire life, which is believed to have stretched for more than a century, enslaved in and near Philadelphia. For decades, Alice collected tolls on behalf of her enslaver at a Delaware River crossing by day, and according to some accounts, helped escaping slaves cross the river by night. Hers is the first in this anthology of biographies of notable women, compiled by Isaiah Thomas just after her death.
EC8.A100.801eca | Gift of Samuel Abbott Green, 1891
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, 1701–1773
William Ansah Sessarakoo, about 1736–1770
“Two African Princes.” The Gentleman’s Magazine. London: Edward Cave, 1750.
Diallo and Sessarakoo are paired here because of the many similarities in their lives. Both were born into important African families in Gambia and Ghana, respectively, were captured and enslaved in North America, later escaped to England, and finally returned to Africa. One difference between them is evident in these portraits. Diallo is dressed in an African robe and turban, with a copy of the Quran around his neck, while Sessarakoo is depicted in high fashion British attire.
2003J-SJ950 | Bequest of Mary Hyde, Viscountess Eccles, 2003
Callicum and Maquinna, Mowachaht tribe
John Meares, 1765?–1809. Voyages Made in the Years 1788 and 1789, from China to the North West Coast of America. London: Logographic Press, 1790.
Maquinna was the chief of the Mowachaht of Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island at a time when colonial powers were racing to establish a foothold in the Pacific Northwest. In 1789, a Spanish naval outpost on the island seized several British fur trading ships and nearly brought the two countries to war. Callicum, Maquinna’s brother, was killed by Spanish troops while protesting the seizure. A 1795 treaty between Spain and Britain led to both countries abandoning Nootka Sound and the Mowachaht reclaiming the land shortly before Maquinna’s death.
EC75.M4632.790v | Bequest of Joseph T. Tower, Jr., 1933
Cunhambebe, died 1555, Tamoyo Confederation
André Thevet, 1502–1590. Les Vrais Pourtraits et Vies des Hommes Illvustres. Paris: Widow of Jacques Kerver and Guillaume Chaudière, 1584.
The French priest, scientist, and explorer André Thevet took on the task of producing this massive compilation of biographies of famous men as a modern version of the classical Lives of Plutarch. Drawing on his own travels to South America, Thevet profiled several indigenous figures, including Cunhambebe (also known as Quoniambec), the leader of an inter-tribal alliance on the Brazilian coast that resisted Portuguese colonization and enslavement, ultimately unsuccessfully.
Typ 515.84.831 | Friends of the Library Fund, 1948
Francis Barber, about 1742–1801
Portrait of Francis Barber, late 18th century. Artist unknown, sometimes attributed to Richard Cosway; after a portrait by Joshua Reynolds.
Francis Barber was born into slavery in Jamaica and brought to England by his enslaver, Richard Bathurst. At the age of ten, he was installed in the author Samuel Johnson’s household as a valet. Formally emancipated by Bathurst’s will in 1754, Barber would spend most of the next thirty years with Johnson. In 1773, Barber married Elizabeth Ball, a white Englishwoman. Upon Johnson’s death in 1784, the family moved to Johnson’s hometown of Lichfield, where Barber operated a nearby village school until his death in 1801. The first biography of Barber was published by scholar Michael Bundock in 2015.
MS Eng 1347 | Gift of Arthur A. Houghton, 1982.
Ignatius Sancho, 1729–1780
Ignatius Sancho, 1729-1780. Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, an African. London: J. Nichols, 1782.
Sancho spent most of his childhood enslaved by a family in London, escaping at the age of 20 to the household of the late Duke of Montagu, who had encouraged his education. At the duchess’ death in 1751, she left Sancho an annuity of £30 a year. Sancho eventually left the Montagu household to open his own grocery shop. As a male property owner, he became the first known Black man to vote in a British election. This engraving is drawn from the painting of Sancho made by the high society painter Thomas Gainsborough at the same time he painted the Duchess of Montagu.
EC75.Sa555.782l | Friends of the Library Fund, 1930
Jacobus Elisa Joannes Capitein, 1717–1747
Jacobus Elisa Joannes Capitein, 1717-1747. Staatkundig-Godgeleerd Onderzoekschrift over de Slaverny, als Niet Strydig Tegen de Christelyke Vryheid. Leyden: Philip Bonk, 1742
At the age of eight, the enslaved Capitein was given as a gift to a Dutch West India Company captain, who gave him his European name. Emancipated by virtue of the captain’s return to Holland, where slavery was illegal, Capitein was baptized a Christian and attended the University of Leiden, earning a doctorate in theology. He returned as a missionary to his native Ghana and established a school and orphanage.
Harvard Divinity School Library K61.1 C244sedu 1742
Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges, 1745–1799
William Ward, 1766–1826. "Monsieur de St George". London: Bradshaw, April 4th 1788.
Born in the French colony of Guadeloupe to a wealthy plantation owner and a Senegalese woman enslaved to the owner’s wife, Bologne was sent to France by his father to be educated. He became a champion fencer, a virtuoso violinist, and the first classical composer of African descent. During the French Revolution, he led an all-Black legion in defense of the Republic.
FB7.Sa232.P788w | Endowment Fund for the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection, 2016
Joseph Chatoyer, died 1795
Bryan Edwards, 1743-1800. An Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo. London: J. Stockdale, 1801.
Chatoyer was a leader among the Garifuna, a people of African and indigenous descent on the island of St. Vincent. He led two major revolts against British colonial rule, known as the First (1773) and Second (1795) Carib Wars. Chatoyer was also the subject of the first play written by an African American, The Drama of King Shotaway by William Alexander Brown, produced at the African Grove Theatre in New York in 1823. In 2002, Chatotyer was named a national hero of St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
SA 2151.7.2 | Bright Legacy Fund, 1910
Kallie, a Woman of Greenland
Sir John Ross, 1777–1856. A Voyage of Discovery, Made under the Orders of the Admiralty, in His Majesty's Ships Isabella and Alexander, for the Purpose of Exploring Baffin’s Bay... London: J. Murray, 1819.
Kallie is known to us only through John Ross’s account of an 1818 British expedition seeking the Northwest Passage. While trading with the Inuit inhabitants of Upernivik Island, he invited several on board his ship. Ross writes, “We soon became intimate with our visitors, and invited them into the cabin, where they were treated with coffee and biscuit, and their portraits taken” by Lieutenant Henry Hoppner, an accomplished artist. The caption to the portrait is the only mention of Kallie’s name in the text.
EC8.R7336.819v (A) | Bequest of Joseph T. Tower, Jr., 1933
Kateri Tekakwitha, 1656–1680
Claude-Charles Le Roy Bacqueville de La Potherie, 1668–1738. Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale. Paris: Jean-Luc Nion and François Didot, 1772.
Born in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon in present-day New York, Tekakwitha converted to Christianity at the age of 19. She moved to a Jesuit mission near Montreal in 1677, where she took a vow of chastity. She practiced self-mortification and asceticism with an intensity that may have further imperiled her already fragile health, and she died at age 24. In 2012, she became the first Native American to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church.
FC7.B1387.716nba | Gift supplementing the collection of Joseph T. Tower, Jr., 1933
Kwasimukamba, 1692–1787
John Gabriel Stedman, 1744–1797. Narrative, of a Five Years' Expedition, against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam. London: J. Johnson, 1796.
Also known as Graman Quassi, Kwasimukamba was enslaved as a child in Ghana and spent the remainder of his life in the Dutch colony of Suriname. He gained renown as a healer, particularly for his discovery of the medicinal properties of a bitter bark. In recognition of his providing the first botanical description of this plant, taxonomist Carl Linneaeus named it Quassia amara. It continues to be used today as a food additive and in traditional medicine.
Typ 705.96.808 | Gift of Philip Hofer, 1963
Leonard Parkinson
Bryan Edwards, 1743-1800. Proceedings of the Governor and Assembly of Jamaica in Regard to the Maroon Negroes. London: John Stockdale, 1796.
Parkinson was a leader of the Maroons, people of African descent who escaped British enslavement to create communities in the interior of Jamaica, existing in an uneasy truce with colonial forces. In 1796, the Maroons launched a rebellion. Though outnumbered ten to one, the Maroons’ guerilla tactics and favorable terrain enabled them to fight the British to a stalemate. In a breach of the treaty that ended the war, hundreds of Maroons were forcibly transported to Nova Scotia, where they spent four unhappy years before petitioning for relocation to Sierra Leone.
SA 2217.98 | Subscription Fund, 1875
Mai, 1751–1779
Francesco Bartolozzi, 1727–1815. “Omai a native of Utaietea,” engraving after a drawing by Nathaniel Dance. London, 1744
As the first Polynesian to visit Britain, Mai made a considerable public impression. In addition to inspiring a blockbuster play (very loosely) based on his travels mounted at the Theatre Royal in Covent Garden, Mai sat for two of the leading English portraitists of the period, Joshua Reynolds and Nathaniel Dance. The stool Mai holds in this image survives today in the Musée de Tahiti et des Îles. (See the case on Indian and South Pacific Islands for more on Mai’s life.)
MS Hyde 100 | Bequest of Mary Hyde Eccles, 2003.
Mai, 1751–1779
Guillaume-André-René Baston, 1741–1825. Narrations d'Omaï, Insulaire de la Mer du Sud. Rouen: Le Boucher, 1790.
Mai was born on the island of Ra‘iatea, but driven by war to seek refuge in Tahiti. After meeting Captain James Cook on his second voyage around the world, Mai joined the expedition and became the first Polynesian to visit Britain. During his two-year stay, Mai lived with the prominent naturalist Sir Joseph Banks, who introduced him to figures like Samuel Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and George III. He returned to Polynesia on Cook’s third voyage in 1776, on both trips providing crucial assistance to Cook in his interaction with Pacific Islanders.
2021-10 | Endowment Fund for the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection, 2020.
Mehmed IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1693
Sir Paul Rycaut, 1628–1700. The History of the Turkish Empire from the Year 1623 to the Year 1677. London: John Starkey, 1680.
After his father was deposed in a coup, Mehmed IV became Sultan at the age of six. He would go on to reign for nearly 40 years, at a time when the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent, from the outskirts of Vienna to the Persian Gulf. Though himself the subject of a coup in 1687, he was able to live out the rest of his life in Istanbul’s Topkapi Palace.
Ott 150.13 | Donation Fund of MDCCCXLII, 1848.
Metacomet, Sachem of the Wampanoags,
about 1638–1676
Benjamin Church, 1639–1718. The Entertaining History of King Philip’s War, which Began in the Month of June, 1675. Newport, RI: Solomon Southwick, 1772.
Metacomet, better known to New England colonists as King Philip, led the Wampanoag at a time of increasing settler expansion into their tribal lands. After the execution of three Wampanoags by the Plymouth Colony in 1675, the tensions burst into warfare, and Metacomet led an alliance of tribes in a series of attacks against British settlements. Eventually a much larger colonial militia overwhelmed his forces and killed him. Metacomet’s head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for years afterward.
AC7.C4731.716eb | Gift of George Putnam, 1884
Mico Chlucco, chief of the Seminoles
William Bartram, 1739–1823. Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy. Philadelphia: James & Johnson, 1791.
The frontispiece to William Bartram’s account of his travels through the Southeast in 1773-75 is the first printed portrait of a Seminole. Bartram was commissioned by the London physician John Fothergill, like Bartram, a Quaker, to undertake a botanical expedition of the region. Bartram describes meeting Mico Chlucco as he is preparing for battle against the Choctaw and purchasing supplies from a colonial trading post. The Seminoles dub Bartram “Puc-Puggy,” the Flower Hunter.
*AC7.B2861.791t | Gift of Israel Thorndike, 1818
Moctezuma II, about 1466–1520
Francesco Saverio Clavigero, 1731–1787. The History of Mexico. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1817.
The confrontation between Aztec leader Moctezuma and Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés marks a crucial moment in the history of European colonization of the Americas. Moctezuma had greatly expanded the Aztec Empire in the preceding decades, and the Spanish formed alliances with the tribes he subjugated to bring about the collapse of the empire. Though repulsed in their first expedition to the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma’s death in the conflict and a smallpox epidemic enabled the Spanish to conquer Tenochtitlan the following year.
SA 3341.13.5 | Charles Elliott Perkins Memorial Collection, 1914
Nādir Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1688–1747
James Fraser, 1713-1754. The History of Nadir Shah, Formerly Called Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present Emperor of Persia. London: W. Strahan, 1742.
Seizing power in the waning days of the Safavid Dynasty, Nādir proved himself an able military leader. With successful campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, and Russia, he greatly expanded his empire and founded the Afsharid Dynasty, which would rule Iran until 1796. Ultimately, his drive for conquest would prove his undoing; he was assassinated by his own troops in 1747.
Asia 2275.6.2 | Gift of John Hancock, 1767
Nzinga, Queen of Matamba, 1582–1663
Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, died 1692 Istorica descrittione de’ Tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola. Milan: Agnelli, 1690.
Queen Nzinga ruled over an area of what is today Angola during a period of increasing Portuguese colonization driven by transatlantic slave trade. Caught between hostile neighboring kingdoms and the Europeans, she maintained independence through a series of shifting alliances both with and against the Portuguese. This portrait depicts a famous incident: during negotiations, the Portuguese governor refused to offer her a chair; rather than accept the insult of sitting on the floor, she had a servant kneel down so she could sit on his back.
Afr 7015.2.2 | Gift of John B. Stetson, Jr,, 1928
Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797
Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797. Olaudah Equiano's oder Gustav Wasa's, des Afrikaners merkwürdige Lebensgeschichte. Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich, 1792.
Kidnapped from Benin at the age of 11 and transported to Virginia, Equiano was renamed by his enslaver “Gustavus Vassa” after a 16th-century Swedish king. Despite his enslavement, Equiano was able to become literate and eventually earned enough money to purchase his freedom. He became an early and powerful advocate for the abolition of slavery, and published a much-reprinted autobiography (here in German translation) under his birth name in 1789.
GC8.B4343.792e | Hermon Dunlap Smith Fund, 1999
Ouäroyïo of the Tupinamba, born about 1592.
Claude d'Abbeville, pére, died 1632. Histoire de la Mission des Peres Capucins en l’Isle de Maragnan. Paris: F. Huby, 1614.
The Capuchin missionary Claude d’Abbeville was part of a short-lived French colony on Maranhão Island in Portuguese-controlled Brazil. In 1613 he returned to Paris with six men from the local Tupinamba tribe. Ouäroyïo, one of the three Tupinamba to survive the trip, was baptized under the name Louis Henri in a ceremony before King Louis XIII, a spectacle intended to raise interest in and funds for the colony. It was nevertheless conquered by the Portuguese in 1615.
SA 6132.3 | Unknown source, 1830
Pacanne, chief of the Miami, about 1737–1816
Henry Hamilton, died 1796. “Pecan, a Native American chief of the Miami tribe.” From the Henry Hamilton drawings of North American scenes and Native Americans, circa 1769-1784.
Pacanne met British Lt. Governor Henry Hamilton, the creator of this portrait, when the two allied against the Americans in the Revolutionary War, capturing Fort Vincennes in what is now Indiana in 1778. After the British defeat, Pacanne often served as an emissary between the United States and the Miami Confederation in the hope of improved relations, but increasing U.S. encroachment led him to ally with the British once again in the War of 1812.
MS Eng 509.2 | Gift of Caroline Isabella Hamilton Rice, 1902
Phillis Wheatley Peters, about 1753–1784
Phillis Wheatley, 1753–1784. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. London: A. Bell, 1773.
Named initially for the slave ship that brought her from West Africa and the Boston family who enslaved her, Peters was tutored by the Wheatley’s daughter Mary and encouraged to pursue the talent for poetry she demonstrated at a young age; one of her earliest poems, written at age 14, is addressed to the students of Harvard. The Wheatleys emancipated Phillis after the publication of this volume in 1773. She married a Black grocer named John Peters and went by that name until her death.
AC85.Aℓ245.Zy773w | Gift of Talbot Aldrich, 1919
Pōmare I, King of Tahiti, 1744–1803
James Cook, 1728–1779. A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1779.
Pōmare encountered two of the most notable British captains to travel to the South Pacific. On James Cook’s second voyage in 1773, the two met several times and the expedition’s artist, William Hodges, made this portrait from life. In 1788, Captain William Bligh and the crew of the HMS Bounty spent five months in Tahiti collecting breadfruit trees. After their famous mutiny, the crew of the Bounty returned to Tahiti and lived under Pōmare’s protection before settling on Pitcairn Island.
Oc 127.72.3 | Gift of John Gardiner, 1782
Qianlong, Emperor of China, 1711–1799
Sir George Staunton, 1737–1801. An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. London: G. Nicol, 1797.
The six decade reign of the Qianlong Emperor represents a high water mark of the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 until 1911. It was a period of major expansion of the imperial borders through military conquest, and made China the world’s wealthiest and most populous nation. The Emperor was a voracious collector of art, a calligrapher, and a prolific writer, composing some 40,000 poems. Though he formally abdicated in 1796, he retained de facto control until his death.
Ch 187.92.5 | Gift of Helen O. Brice and John Francis Brice, 1927
Rajasimha II, King of Kandy, 1608–1687
Robert Knox, 1640?–1720. An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, in the East-Indies. London: Richard Chiswell, 1681.
The reign of Rajasimha II is emblematic of the predicament of many victims of European colonization. In allying himself with the Dutch to drive out the Portuguese occupation of what is now Sri Lanka, he found his kingdom instead the subject of a new set of colonizers. Knox, the author of this account, was a British East India Company captain shipwrecked on Ceylon and held there by Rajasimha for nearly two decades.
Ind 2756.81 | Undated acquisition
Shang Pung Fwee, Prince of Ryukyu
Basil Hall, 1788–1844. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island. London: John Murray, 1818.
Though captioned here only as “The Prince of Loo-Choo,” British naval officer Basil Hall mentions Shang Pung Fwee by name in his description of their 1816 meeting during an expedition to what are now called the Ryukyu Islands, then a dominion of Imperial China, today part of Japan’s Okinawa Prefecture. Hall describes showing the Prince a picture of his own sovereign, George III. In the absence of an interpreter, the British sailors communicated the monarch’s status by bowing deeply to his portrait.
Typ 805 18.4473 | Bequest of Charles H. Taylor, 1948
Six Ottoman Emperors
Dimitrie Cantemir, Voivode of Moldavia, 1673–1723. The History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman Empir. London: J. J., and P. Knapton, 1734-35.
These portraits were created to illustrate the most influential 18th century account of Ottoman history. Cantemir’s failed attempt to break Moldavia away from the Ottoman Empire and into an alliance with Russia led to his deposition and exile. He spent the next six years composing his history of the empire, the manuscript of which is held at Houghton. Though the work emphasizes a narrative of decline, the Ottoman Empire would survive Cantemir by two centuries.
EC7 T4922 734c (B) | Archibald Cary Coolidge Fund, 1901
Ṣafī, Shah of Iran, 1611–1642
Adam Olearius, 1603–1671. Auszführliche Beschreibung der kundbaren Reyse nach Muscow und Persien. Schleszwig: Johan Holwein, 1663.
Shah Ṣafī took power in Safavid Iran at the height of the empire’s extent and his rule is associated with the beginning of its decline. Just 18 years old at his accession, he consolidated power ruthlessly, ordering the execution of any rivals to the throne. He took more interest in alcohol and opium than governance, and according to one contemporary account died in a drinking contest, at the age of 31.
Typ 620.63.645 | Bequest of Philip Hofer, 1984
Toussaint Louverture, 1743–1803
Marcus Rainsford. An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti. London: J. Cundee, 1805.
Under the adopted surname that celebrated his skill at breaking open enemy defenses, Louverture led a revolt against the French and Spanish occupiers of Hispaniola and became an iconic figure of Black rebellion against European enslavement and colonization. Louverture was captured by Napoleonic forces and deported, dying in a French prison in 1803, but the following year the rebellion succeeded in finally expelling the French and establishing an independent Haiti.
SA 2151.10.5 | Bequest of William Prescott, 1845
William Lee, about 1750–1810
James Armistead Lafayette, about 1760–1832
Valentine Green, 1739–1813. “General Washington,” engraving after a painting by John Trumbull. London: V. Green, 1781.
Noël Le Mire, 1724–1801. “Conclusion de la Campagne de 1781 en Virginie,” engraving after a painting by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon. Paris: Le Mire, 1780.
These parallel compositions literally marginalize two men who played important roles in American independence. Lee, an enslaved man purchased by George Washington in 1768, served throughout the Revolutionary War at Washington’s side in camp and in battle, and was known for his skilled horsemanship. James Armistead was given permission by his enslaver to join the legions commanded by the Marquis de Lafayette. At Lafayette’s direction, Armistead, acting as a double agent, infiltrated the British troops led by Benedict Arnold, providing Lafayette and Washington with crucial intelligence. After the war, Lafayette provided vital support for Armistead’s emancipation, and he took Lafayette’s name in tribute.
Lee portrait: MS Am 2248 | Gift of W.B.O. Field, 1949.
Armistead portrait: Portrait file | Undated acquisition
Xu Gandida, 1607–1680
Philippe Couplet, 1623–1692. Histoire d'une Dame Chrétienne de la Chine. Paris: Estienne Michallet 1688.
Born on the feast day of St. Candida, Xu Gandida, granddaughter of Xu Guangqi (also depicted in this case), was widowed at age 46 and devoted the last quarter-century of her life to promoting the spread of Christianity in China. She raised funds to build churches and support missionaries from the proceeds of her family’s silk farming and weaving business. She also financed the printing of more than 125 Christian devotional works in Chinese.
Ch 62.1 | Harold Jefferson Coolidge Fund, 1901
Xu Guangqi, 1562–1633
Athanasius Kircher, 1602–1680. China Monumentis, qua Sacris qua Profanis. Amsterdam: Jan Jansson, 1667.
In an image symbolic of the meeting of the Chinese and European scientific traditions, Xu Guangqi (at right) stands alongside the Jesuit missionary and scientist Matteo Ricci. In addition to his writings on agriculture and military tactics, Xu collaborated with Ricci to translate Euclid’s Elements into Chinese. Xu converted to Catholicism in 1603, taking the baptismal name Paul, and becoming the patriarch of one of the first and most important families of Chinese Catholics.
Typ 632.67.486 | Harold Jefferson Coolidge Fund, 1901
Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi, about 1670–1732
“Mehemet Effendi.” Paris : G. Landry, [1721?]
While serving as the chief accountant to Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III, Mehmet Çelebi undertook an ambassadorial mission to the court of Louis XV of France, spending nearly a year in Paris. His account of that mission remains an important text for understanding Ottoman impressions of the cultural exchange that occurred during this period. The image exhibited here is known as a “dressed print,” in which fabrics are added to an engraving to illustrate the subject’s clothing.
2020-1152 | Endowment Fund for the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection, 2019
Álvaro VI, King of Kongo, died 1641
Recueil d'Estampes, Représentant les Grades, les Rangs & les Dignités. Paris: Pierre Duflos, 1780
Although Álvaro VI only ruled Kongo for a few years, he was significant enough to European interests to be depicted because of the role he played between competing Portuguese and Dutch colonial forces on the Western coast of Africa. A contemporary image shows Dutch emissaries kneeling before his throne seeking an alliance, but ultimately Álvaro expelled them. He may have been poisoned by his pro-Dutch brother, who succeeded him as Garcia II.
2022H-16 | Philip Hofer Charitable Trust, 2021
African Royalty
Rulers on the western coast of Africa during the early period of European colonization in the 16th and 17th centuries often found themselves caught between the competing ambitions of the European colonial powers on one hand and rival indigenous powers on the other. Both King Álvaro VI and Queen Nzinga fought to maintain power and independence in the face of European encroachment— sometimes through negotiation, sometimes through armed resistance.
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Caribbean Slavery and Rebellion
Although American discussion of the slave trade tends to focus on those brought to the United States, well over 90% of the more than 10 million enslaved Africans who survived transportation on the Middle Passage were sent to the Caribbean and to South America. In Jamaica at the end of the 18th century, for example, the enslaved population outnumbered the white colonists by more than 10 to 1. Joseph Chatoyer, Leonard Parkinson, and Toussaint Louverture all led revolts against colonization and enslavement with varying degrees of success, with Louverture’s Haiti becoming the first independent Caribbean nation.
East Asia
China has long been the subject of intense European interest and imagination, evident in the popularity of medieval travel narratives such as Marco Polo's. Chinese diplomats likewise made the long overland journeys to European courts during this time period.The great age of sail made European travel to China increasingly feasible, and visitors were drawn by the possibilities of cultural, scientific, and above all, commercial exchange. At the time of the first British embassy to China in the 1790s, they sought, largely unsuccessfully, to increase their merchants’ access to Chinese markets. The British would take that access by force in the Opium Wars of the 19th century.
Indian and South Pacific Islands
Founded just two years apart at the outset of the 17th century, two conglomerates of unprecedented scale and power would drive European colonization in the east for the next two hundred years. The British and Dutch East India Companies each amassed not just trading fleets, but warships and private armies to ensure local compliance and deter competitors. Though the Dutch were ascendant in the 17th century, increasing British naval power led them to a decisive victory in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of the 1780s, leaving the Dutch company in financial ruins. It would cease operations in 1799.
Indigenous Peoples of the Iberian New World
Colonial boundaries are notoriously arbitrary, often dividing up lands from thousands of miles away with little regard for the inhabitants or geography. None was more so than the 1494 treaty between Spain and Portugal that divided the New World with a simple line of longitude. At their heights these two empires claimed nearly the whole of Central and South America, having conquered the Aztec, Incan, and Mayan civilizations, among many others. At the same time, millions of Spanish and Portuguese colonists—and the Africans they enslaved—came to the Americas, and the indigenous population plummeted due to disease, war, and enslavement.
North American Indigenous Peoples
As British and American colonists pushed ever deeper into North America, they largely killed or expelled the native inhabitants of the land. After diseases like smallpox, introduced by colonization, decimated their population, King Philip’s War inflicted further devastating casualties on the Wampanoag. At the other end of the continent, disease reduced the population of Maquinna’s Mowachaht people by 90%. Fifty years after his encounter with William Bartram, Mico Chlucco’s Seminoles, who had come to Florida to escape English colonization, would be forcibly expelled to Oklahoma (as were Pacanne’s Miami tribe). Those Seminoles who resisted were subjected to the bloodiest war against native peoples in U.S. history.
Ottoman and Persian Empires
By the year 1700, the combined populations of these empires is estimated to have reached 40 million people, and covered an area of more than three million square miles. Though both Muslim civilzations, religious differences between the Sunni Ottomans and Shiʻite Safavid Dynasty, as well as abutting borders, made natural rivals of the two empires, and they clashed repeatedly in the early modern period. Both experienced domestic instability as well; half of the Ottoman Sultans who ruled in the 17th century were deposed or assassinated, and each of the Persian Shahs was forced to put down rebellions against the empire.
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Virtual tour created by ikd Virtual tour created by ikd On view May 9, 2022 - Aug 5, 2022
Open to the public.
LOCATION
Harvard University, Houghton Library, Edison and Newman Room
CONTACT
houghton_library@harvard.edu
+1-617-495-2440
On view May 9, 2022 - Aug 5, 2022
Open to the public.
LOCATION
Harvard University, Houghton Library, Edison and Newman Room
CONTACT
houghton_library@harvard.edu
+1-617-495-2440
African Royalty
Rulers on the western coast of Africa during the early period of European colonization in the 16th and 17th centuries often found themselves caught between the competing ambitions of the European colonial powers on one hand and rival indigenous powers on the other. Both King Álvaro VI and Queen Nzinga fought to maintain power and independence in the face of European encroachment— sometimes through negotiation, sometimes through armed resistance.
Atlantic Slavery and Emancipation
Rarely do the portrait subjects in this exhibition have the opportunity to speak for themselves, but this case contains a number of works in which Black men and women tell their own stories. Though Jacobus Capitein defends the institution of slavery, Olaudah Equiano’s description of the brutality of the Middle Passage serves as a powerful argument for abolition. The letters of Ignatius Sancho provide a rich account of his opinions and experiences. Perhaps most enduringly, the writings of Phillis Wheatley Peters continue to inspire new readers: “In every human breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance.”
Caribbean Slavery and Rebellion
Although American discussion of the slave trade tends to focus on those brought to the United States, well over 90% of the more than 10 million enslaved Africans who survived transportation on the Middle Passage were sent to the Caribbean and to South America. In Jamaica at the end of the 18th century, for example, the enslaved population outnumbered the white colonists by more than 10 to 1. Joseph Chatoyer, Leonard Parkinson, and Toussaint Louverture all led revolts against colonization and enslavement with varying degrees of success, with Louverture’s Haiti becoming the first independent Caribbean nation.
East Asia
China has long been the subject of intense European interest and imagination, evident in the popularity of medieval travel narratives such as Marco Polo's. Chinese diplomats likewise made the long overland journeys to European courts during this time period.The great age of sail made European travel to China increasingly feasible, and visitors were drawn by the possibilities of cultural, scientific, and above all, commercial exchange. At the time of the first British embassy to China in the 1790s, they sought, largely unsuccessfully, to increase their merchants’ access to Chinese markets. The British would take that access by force in the Opium Wars of the 19th century.
Indian and South Pacific Islands
Founded just two years apart at the outset of the 17th century, two conglomerates of unprecedented scale and power would drive European colonization in the east for the next two hundred years. The British and Dutch East India Companies each amassed not just trading fleets, but warships and private armies to ensure local compliance and deter competitors. Though the Dutch were ascendant in the 17th century, increasing British naval power led them to a decisive victory in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of the 1780s, leaving the Dutch company in financial ruins. It would cease operations in 1799.
Indigenous Peoples of the Iberian New World
Colonial boundaries are notoriously arbitrary, often dividing up lands from thousands of miles away with little regard for the inhabitants or geography. None was more so than the 1494 treaty between Spain and Portugal that divided the New World with a simple line of longitude. At their heights these two empires claimed nearly the whole of Central and South America, having conquered the Aztec, Incan, and Mayan civilizations, among many others. At the same time, millions of Spanish and Portuguese colonists—and the Africans they enslaved—came to the Americas, and the indigenous population plummeted due to disease, war, and enslavement.
North American Indigenous Peoples
As British and American colonists pushed ever deeper into North America, they largely killed or expelled the native inhabitants of the land. After diseases like smallpox, introduced by colonization, decimated their population, King Philip’s War inflicted further devastating casualties on the Wampanoag. At the other end of the continent, disease reduced the population of Maquinna’s Mowachaht people by 90%. Fifty years after his encounter with William Bartram, Mico Chlucco’s Seminoles, who had come to Florida to escape English colonization, would be forcibly expelled to Oklahoma (as were Pacanne’s Miami tribe). Those Seminoles who resisted were subjected to the bloodiest war against native peoples in U.S. history.
Ottoman and Persian Empires
By the year 1700, the combined populations of these empires is estimated to have reached 40 million people, and covered an area of more than three million square miles. Though both Muslim civilzations, religious differences between the Sunni Ottomans and Shiʻite Safavid Dynasty, as well as abutting borders, made natural rivals of the two empires, and they clashed repeatedly in the early modern period. Both experienced domestic instability as well; half of the Ottoman Sultans who ruled in the 17th century were deposed or assassinated, and each of the Persian Shahs was forced to put down rebellions against the empire.